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Melly Goeslaw
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Nama lahir
Mellyana Goeslaw Hoed
Lahir
7 Januari 1974 (umur 35)
Genre
Pop
Pekerjaan
penyanyi
Tahun aktif
1995-sekarang
Perusahaan rekaman
Aquarius Musikindo
Terkaitdengan
-
Situs web
-
Mellyana Goeslaw Hoed, lebih akrab dengan panggilan Melly Goeslaw (lahir 7 Januari 1974; umur 35 tahun) adalah seorang penyanyi dan penulis lagu berkebangsaan Indonesia yang banyak digandrungi oleh penyanyi-penyanyi lainnya, Putri tunggal dari pasangan Ersi Sukaesih dan (Alm) Melky Goeslaw serta istri dari Anto Hoed ini telah sukses menciptakan banyak lagu, diantaranya lagu berjudul "Jika" di mana Melly Goeslaw yang beragama Islam ini berduet bersama Ari Lasso, kemudian disusul dengan kesuksesannya menciptakan lagu “Menghitung Hari” yang dibawakan oleh Krisdayanti serta lagu “Hati Yang Terpilih” yang dibawakan oleh Rossa, dan langsung mendapat sambutan hangat dari masyarakat. Selain itu bersama suaminya dia mendirikan grup mussik Potret.
Diskografi
Melly (1999)
Ost. Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002)
Ost. Eiffel I'm in Love (2003)
Intuisi (2004)
Ost. Apa Artinya Cinta? (2005)
Mindsoul (2007)
Ost. The Butterfly (2008)
Nama lahir
Mellyana Goeslaw Hoed
Lahir
7 Januari 1974 (umur 35)
Genre
Pop
Pekerjaan
penyanyi
Tahun aktif
1995-sekarang
Perusahaan rekaman
Aquarius Musikindo
Terkaitdengan
-
Situs web
-
Mellyana Goeslaw Hoed, lebih akrab dengan panggilan Melly Goeslaw (lahir 7 Januari 1974; umur 35 tahun) adalah seorang penyanyi dan penulis lagu berkebangsaan Indonesia yang banyak digandrungi oleh penyanyi-penyanyi lainnya, Putri tunggal dari pasangan Ersi Sukaesih dan (Alm) Melky Goeslaw serta istri dari Anto Hoed ini telah sukses menciptakan banyak lagu, diantaranya lagu berjudul "Jika" di mana Melly Goeslaw yang beragama Islam ini berduet bersama Ari Lasso, kemudian disusul dengan kesuksesannya menciptakan lagu “Menghitung Hari” yang dibawakan oleh Krisdayanti serta lagu “Hati Yang Terpilih” yang dibawakan oleh Rossa, dan langsung mendapat sambutan hangat dari masyarakat. Selain itu bersama suaminya dia mendirikan grup mussik Potret.
Diskografi
Melly (1999)
Ost. Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002)
Ost. Eiffel I'm in Love (2003)
Intuisi (2004)
Ost. Apa Artinya Cinta? (2005)
Mindsoul (2007)
Ost. The Butterfly (2008)
Rossa
Biodata
Lahir
9 Oktober 1978 (umur 30)
Asal
Indonesia
Genre
Pop
Pekerjaan
Penyanyi, Artis
Tahun aktif
1988-sekarang
Situsweb
http://www.rossafansite.com/
Rossa yang memiliki nama lengkap Rossa Roslaina Sri Handayani (lahir di Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 9 Oktober 1978; umur 30 tahun) merupakan penyanyi Indonesia yang melejit lewat tembang-tembang sendunya seperti Tegar, Hati Yang Terpilih, Atas Nama Cinta, Aku Bukan Untukmu dan Pudar. Ia adalah istri Yoyo, anggota band Padi.
Biografi
Lahir
9 Oktober 1978 (umur 30)
Asal
Indonesia
Genre
Pop
Pekerjaan
Penyanyi, Artis
Tahun aktif
1988-sekarang
Situsweb
http://www.rossafansite.com/
Rossa yang memiliki nama lengkap Rossa Roslaina Sri Handayani (lahir di Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 9 Oktober 1978; umur 30 tahun) merupakan penyanyi Indonesia yang melejit lewat tembang-tembang sendunya seperti Tegar, Hati Yang Terpilih, Atas Nama Cinta, Aku Bukan Untukmu dan Pudar. Ia adalah istri Yoyo, anggota band Padi.
Biografi
Karier
Putri sulung dari tiga bersaudara pasangan Ukas Hermawan dan Eni Kusmiani ini mengawali karier menyanyi sejak usia 10 tahun. Awalnya dia hanya menemani sang ibu yang seorang penyanyi Cianjuran, ke Dian Records untuk tes vokal. Tak dinyana, suara Rossa kecil menarik perhatian Dian Records yang akhirnya mengontrak Rossa. Album pertamanya adalah Untuk Sahabatku (1988) yang berisi lagu anak-anak. Sedangkan musiknya ditangani oleh Franky Sahilatua, James F Sundah, Uce F Tekol, Areng Widodo, dan Alex Lia, yang biasanya tidak membuat musik untuk lagu anak-anak. Sayang album perdana Rossa tidak mencapai penjualan yang diharapkan.
Nama Rossa mulai dikenal setelah merilis album kedua Nada Nada Cinta (1996). Keberhasilan "Nada Nada Cinta" diikuti Tegar (beredar awal tahun 2000) yang melambungkan nama Rossa. Lagu "Tegar" juga menjadi theme song sinetron Suami, Istri, dan Dia arahan Putu Wijaya yang ditayangkan RCTI. Rossa juga tampil sebagai wakil Indonesia di festival musik Vietnam My Love, 26-29 Oktober 2000 di Hanoi. Meski sibuk menyanyi dan manggung, Rossa berhasil menyelesaikan kuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (FISIP) Universitas Indonesia pada Februari 2002. Di tahun yang sama, Rossa merilis album Kini (2002) yang masih didominasi lagu-lagu sendu seperti pada album-album sebelumnya. Pada album Kini, Rossa menyanyikan sembilan lagu karya sembilan pencipta lagu, termasuk Iszur Muchtar, Yovie Widianto, dan Melly Goeslaw. Pada tahun 2003, Rossa kembali merilis repackaged album Kini dengan lagu baru "Malam Pertama" ciptaan Melly Goeslaw yang mendapat double platinum di tahun 2004.
Di akhir tahun 2004, Rossa merilis album bertajuk Kembali. Dalam album ini, terdapat sembilan lagu dan masih dengan konsep musik pop progresif. Ada sejumlah musisi yang terlibat di antaranya Icha Jikustik dan Lucky Element. Tak ketinggalan sang suami, Yoyo juga ikut membantu dalam mengaransemen lagu "Wanita Pilihan". Sebelum album dirilis pada bulan Desember 2004, dua lagu dalam album tersebut telah dijadikan soundtrack sinetron. Yang pertama lagu "Pudar" menjadi OST sinetron Doiku Beken (produksi MultiVision Plus untuk RCTI). Yang kedua, "Bicara Pada Bintang", untuk OST sinetron Pura-Pura Buta (produksi Soraya Intercine Films untuk Indosiar). Album ini menjagokan lagu "Aku Bukan Untukmu" dan "Pudar".[1] Baru tiga bulan dirilis, album Kembali telah mendapat plakat platinum.[2] Enam bulan kemudian, Rossa kembali diganjar double platinum untuk album Kembali. Bahkan single keduanya, "Pudar" yang diciptakan oleh adik bungsunya, Hendra Nurcahyo, membawa Rossa melanglang negara tetangga, Malaysia. Album tersebut kemudian dirilis di Malaysia pada 23 Mei 2005, di mana Rossa juga mengadakan pertunjukan di Planet Hollywood Malaysia dalam rangka promosi albumnya.[3]
Selama masa kehamilan Rizky, Rossa membuat album kompilasi bertajuk Yang Terpilih yang dirilis pada bulan Desember 2006. Dalam album kompilasi tersebut, Rossa memasang kembali hits-hits lawas seperti "Nada-Nada Cinta" karya Yongky Suwarno (1996), "Tegar" ciptaan Melly Goeslaw (1999), "Hati Yang Terpilih" dari kompilasi soundtrack Hati Yang Terpilih (2000), "Kini" ciptaan Yovie Widianto (2003), dan "Kembali" (2004). Tak lupa Rossa juga menyertakan tiga hits baru, "Cinta Tak Termiliki", "Terlalu Cinta" karya Yovie Widianto dan "Atas Nama Cinta" ciptaan Melly.[4] Meski rumah tangganya dirundung masalah, Rossa tetap bekerja profesional dengan merilis album Yang Terpilih di Malaysia pada 16 Mei 2007.[5]
Akhirnya, impian Rossa untuk menggelar konser menjadi nyata. Pada 26 November 2008, bertempat di Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), ia menggelar konser dengan titel Persembahan Cinta. Di dalam konser ini, Rossa dibantu oleh Erwin Gutawa dan Jay Subiakto sebagai komposer.
Setelah hampir tiga tahun tak mengeluarkan album, maka pada 14 januari 2009, Rossa kembali merilis album terbarunya, self title Rossa. Yang menarik di album kelimanya ini, Yoyo, sang suami menyumbangkan satu lagu, "Terlanjur Cinta". Lagu ini dijadikan sebagai lagu jagoan yang dinyanyikan secara duet dengan Pasha, vokalis band Ungu.
Kehidupan pribadi
Rossa menikah dengan Yoyo, anggota band Padi pada tanggal 18 Maret 2004. [6] Dari pernikahan ini, mereka dikaruniai seorang anak laki-laki yang diberi nama Rizky Langit Ramadhan (lahir 3 Oktober 2005).[7]
Pernikahan mereka mendapat cobaan ketika di bulan April 2007 berhembus kabar Yoyo kepergok sedang bermesraan dengan seorang wanita yang berprofesi sebagai model di kota Surabaya.[8] Bahkan meski sempat berdamai di bulan Juni 2007,[9] namun belum ada tanda-tanda keluarga ini bakal bersatu lagi. Malah anak semata wayang mereka, Rizky dititipkan di rumah orang tua Rossa di Sumedang.
Putri sulung dari tiga bersaudara pasangan Ukas Hermawan dan Eni Kusmiani ini mengawali karier menyanyi sejak usia 10 tahun. Awalnya dia hanya menemani sang ibu yang seorang penyanyi Cianjuran, ke Dian Records untuk tes vokal. Tak dinyana, suara Rossa kecil menarik perhatian Dian Records yang akhirnya mengontrak Rossa. Album pertamanya adalah Untuk Sahabatku (1988) yang berisi lagu anak-anak. Sedangkan musiknya ditangani oleh Franky Sahilatua, James F Sundah, Uce F Tekol, Areng Widodo, dan Alex Lia, yang biasanya tidak membuat musik untuk lagu anak-anak. Sayang album perdana Rossa tidak mencapai penjualan yang diharapkan.
Nama Rossa mulai dikenal setelah merilis album kedua Nada Nada Cinta (1996). Keberhasilan "Nada Nada Cinta" diikuti Tegar (beredar awal tahun 2000) yang melambungkan nama Rossa. Lagu "Tegar" juga menjadi theme song sinetron Suami, Istri, dan Dia arahan Putu Wijaya yang ditayangkan RCTI. Rossa juga tampil sebagai wakil Indonesia di festival musik Vietnam My Love, 26-29 Oktober 2000 di Hanoi. Meski sibuk menyanyi dan manggung, Rossa berhasil menyelesaikan kuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (FISIP) Universitas Indonesia pada Februari 2002. Di tahun yang sama, Rossa merilis album Kini (2002) yang masih didominasi lagu-lagu sendu seperti pada album-album sebelumnya. Pada album Kini, Rossa menyanyikan sembilan lagu karya sembilan pencipta lagu, termasuk Iszur Muchtar, Yovie Widianto, dan Melly Goeslaw. Pada tahun 2003, Rossa kembali merilis repackaged album Kini dengan lagu baru "Malam Pertama" ciptaan Melly Goeslaw yang mendapat double platinum di tahun 2004.
Di akhir tahun 2004, Rossa merilis album bertajuk Kembali. Dalam album ini, terdapat sembilan lagu dan masih dengan konsep musik pop progresif. Ada sejumlah musisi yang terlibat di antaranya Icha Jikustik dan Lucky Element. Tak ketinggalan sang suami, Yoyo juga ikut membantu dalam mengaransemen lagu "Wanita Pilihan". Sebelum album dirilis pada bulan Desember 2004, dua lagu dalam album tersebut telah dijadikan soundtrack sinetron. Yang pertama lagu "Pudar" menjadi OST sinetron Doiku Beken (produksi MultiVision Plus untuk RCTI). Yang kedua, "Bicara Pada Bintang", untuk OST sinetron Pura-Pura Buta (produksi Soraya Intercine Films untuk Indosiar). Album ini menjagokan lagu "Aku Bukan Untukmu" dan "Pudar".[1] Baru tiga bulan dirilis, album Kembali telah mendapat plakat platinum.[2] Enam bulan kemudian, Rossa kembali diganjar double platinum untuk album Kembali. Bahkan single keduanya, "Pudar" yang diciptakan oleh adik bungsunya, Hendra Nurcahyo, membawa Rossa melanglang negara tetangga, Malaysia. Album tersebut kemudian dirilis di Malaysia pada 23 Mei 2005, di mana Rossa juga mengadakan pertunjukan di Planet Hollywood Malaysia dalam rangka promosi albumnya.[3]
Selama masa kehamilan Rizky, Rossa membuat album kompilasi bertajuk Yang Terpilih yang dirilis pada bulan Desember 2006. Dalam album kompilasi tersebut, Rossa memasang kembali hits-hits lawas seperti "Nada-Nada Cinta" karya Yongky Suwarno (1996), "Tegar" ciptaan Melly Goeslaw (1999), "Hati Yang Terpilih" dari kompilasi soundtrack Hati Yang Terpilih (2000), "Kini" ciptaan Yovie Widianto (2003), dan "Kembali" (2004). Tak lupa Rossa juga menyertakan tiga hits baru, "Cinta Tak Termiliki", "Terlalu Cinta" karya Yovie Widianto dan "Atas Nama Cinta" ciptaan Melly.[4] Meski rumah tangganya dirundung masalah, Rossa tetap bekerja profesional dengan merilis album Yang Terpilih di Malaysia pada 16 Mei 2007.[5]
Akhirnya, impian Rossa untuk menggelar konser menjadi nyata. Pada 26 November 2008, bertempat di Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), ia menggelar konser dengan titel Persembahan Cinta. Di dalam konser ini, Rossa dibantu oleh Erwin Gutawa dan Jay Subiakto sebagai komposer.
Setelah hampir tiga tahun tak mengeluarkan album, maka pada 14 januari 2009, Rossa kembali merilis album terbarunya, self title Rossa. Yang menarik di album kelimanya ini, Yoyo, sang suami menyumbangkan satu lagu, "Terlanjur Cinta". Lagu ini dijadikan sebagai lagu jagoan yang dinyanyikan secara duet dengan Pasha, vokalis band Ungu.
Kehidupan pribadi
Rossa menikah dengan Yoyo, anggota band Padi pada tanggal 18 Maret 2004. [6] Dari pernikahan ini, mereka dikaruniai seorang anak laki-laki yang diberi nama Rizky Langit Ramadhan (lahir 3 Oktober 2005).[7]
Pernikahan mereka mendapat cobaan ketika di bulan April 2007 berhembus kabar Yoyo kepergok sedang bermesraan dengan seorang wanita yang berprofesi sebagai model di kota Surabaya.[8] Bahkan meski sempat berdamai di bulan Juni 2007,[9] namun belum ada tanda-tanda keluarga ini bakal bersatu lagi. Malah anak semata wayang mereka, Rizky dititipkan di rumah orang tua Rossa di Sumedang.
Diskografi
Untuk Sahabatku (1989)
Nada Nada Cinta (1996)
Tegar (1999)
Hati Yang Terpilih (2000)
Kini (2002)
Kembali (2004)
Yang Terpilih (2006)
OST Ayat Ayat Cinta (2008)
Rossa (2009)
Sinetron
Dua Sisi Mata Uang
Perisai Kasih
Penghargaan
Juara I Bahana Suara Pelajar II, TPI, Tingkat Propinsi Jawa Barat (1993)
The Best Female MTV Indonesia (2000)
Bintang Yang Menyihir Publik, Cek & Ricek (2000)
The Best Female Singer, Kategori Pop Progresive Anugrah Musik Indonesia (AMI) Sharp Awards 2002
Nominasi Penyanyi Pop SCTV Award
MTV Exclusive Artist January 2005
Penyanyi Ngetop SCTV Awards 2008[11]
Untuk Sahabatku (1989)
Nada Nada Cinta (1996)
Tegar (1999)
Hati Yang Terpilih (2000)
Kini (2002)
Kembali (2004)
Yang Terpilih (2006)
OST Ayat Ayat Cinta (2008)
Rossa (2009)
Sinetron
Dua Sisi Mata Uang
Perisai Kasih
Penghargaan
Juara I Bahana Suara Pelajar II, TPI, Tingkat Propinsi Jawa Barat (1993)
The Best Female MTV Indonesia (2000)
Bintang Yang Menyihir Publik, Cek & Ricek (2000)
The Best Female Singer, Kategori Pop Progresive Anugrah Musik Indonesia (AMI) Sharp Awards 2002
Nominasi Penyanyi Pop SCTV Award
MTV Exclusive Artist January 2005
Penyanyi Ngetop SCTV Awards 2008[11]
Trojan Horse
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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Trojan horse atau Kuda Troya, dalam keamanan komputer merujuk kepada sebuah bentuk perangkat lunak yang mencurigakan (malicious software/malware) yang dapat merusak sebuah sistem atau jaringan. Dapat disebut sebagai Trojan saja (membuang kata horse).
Trojan berbeda dengan jenis perangkat lunak mencurigakan lainnya seperti virus komputer atau worm karena dua hal berikut:
Trojan bersifat "stealth" (siluman dan tidak terlihat) dalam operasinya dan seringkali berbentuk seolah-olah program tersebut merupakan program baik-baik, sementara virus komputer atau worm bertindak lebih agresif dengan merusak sistem atau membuat sistem menjadi crash.
Trojan tidak mereplikasi dirinya sendiri, sementara virus komputer dan worm melakukannya.
Penggunaan istilah Trojan atau Trojan horse dimaksudkan untuk menyusupkan kode-kode mencurigakan dan merusak di dalam sebuah program baik-baik dan berguna; seperti halnya dalam Perang Troya, para prajurit Yunani bersembunyi di dalam Kuda Troya yang ditujukan sebagai pengabdian kepada Poseidon. Kuda Troya tersebut menurut para petinggi Troya dianggap tidak berbahaya, dan diizinkan masuk ke dalam benteng Troya yang tidak dapat ditembus oleh para prajurit Yunani selama kurang lebih 10 tahun perang Troya bergejolak.
Kebanyakan Trojan saat ini berupa sebuah berkas yang dapat dieksekusi (*.EXE atau *.COM dalam sistem operasi Windows dan DOS atau program dengan nama yang sering dieksekusi dalam sistem operasi UNIX, seperti ls, cat, dan lain-lain) yang dimasukkan ke dalam sistem yang ditembus oleh seorang hacker untuk mencuri data yang penting bagi pengguna (password, data kartu kredit, dan lain-lain). Trojan juga dapat menginfeksi sistem ketika pengguna mengunduh aplikasi (seringnya berupa game komputer) dari sumber yang tidak dapat dipercayai dalam jaringan Internet. Aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut dapat memiliki kode Trojan yang diintegrasikan di dalam dirinya dan mengizinkan seorang cracker untuk dapat mengacak-acak sistem yang bersangkutan.
Beberapa jenis Trojan yang beredar antara lain adalah:
Pencuri password: Jenis Trojan ini dapat mencari password yang disimpan di dalam sistem operasi (/etc/passwd atau /etc/shadow dalam keluarga sistem operasi UNIX atau berkas Security Account Manager (SAM) dalam keluarga sistem operasi Windows NT) dan akan mengirimkannya kepada si penyerang yang asli. Selain itu, jenis Trojan ini juga dapat menipu pengguna dengan membuat tampilan seolah-olah dirinya adalah layar login (/sbin/login dalam sistem operasi UNIX atau Winlogon.exe dalam sistem operasi Windows NT) serta menunggu pengguna untuk memasukkan passwordnya dan mengirimkannya kepada penyerang. Contoh dari jenis ini adalah Passfilt Trojan yang bertindak seolah-olah dirinya adalah berkas Passfilt.dll yang aslinya digunakan untuk menambah keamanan password dalam sistem operasi Windows NT, tapi disalahgunakan menjadi sebuah program pencuri password.
Pencatat penekanan tombol (keystroke logger/keylogger): Jenis Trojan ini akan memantau semua yang diketikkan oleh pengguna dan akan mengirimkannya kepada penyerang. Jenis ini berbeda dengan spyware, meski dua hal tersebut melakukan hal yang serupa (memata-matai pengguna).
Tool administrasi jarak jauh (Remote Administration Tools/RAT): Jenis Trojan ini mengizinkan para penyerang untuk mengambil alih kontrol secara penuh terhadap sistem dan melakukan apapun yang mereka mau dari jarak jauh, seperti memformat hard disk, mencuri atau menghapus data dan lain-lain. Contoh dari Trojan ini adalah Back Orifice, Back Orifice 2000, dan SubSeven.
DDoS Trojan atau Zombie Trojan: Jenis Trojan ini digunakan untuk menjadikan sistem yang terinfeksi agar dapat melakukan serangan penolakan layanan secara terdistribusi terhadap host target.
Ada lagi sebuah jenis Trojan yang mengimbuhkan dirinya sendiri ke sebuah program untuk memodifikasi cara kerja program yang diimbuhinya. Jenis Trojan ini disebut sebagai Trojan virus.
Mendeteksi keberadaan Trojan merupakan sebuah tindakan yang agak sulit dilakukan. Cara termudah adalah dengan melihat port-port mana yang terbuka dan sedang berada dalam keadaan "listening", dengan menggunakan utilitas tertentu semacam Netstat. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak Trojan berjalan sebagai sebuah layanan sistem, dan bekerja di latar belakang (background), sehingga Trojan-Trojan tersebut dapat menerima perintah dari penyerang dari jarak jauh. Ketika sebuah transmisi UDP atau TCP dilakukan, tapi transmisi tersebut dari port (yang berada dalam keadaan "listening") atau alamat yang tidak dikenali, maka hal tersebut bisa dijadikan pedoman bahwa sistem yang bersangkutan telah terinfeksi oleh Trojan Horse.
Cara lainnya yang dapat digunakan adalah dengan membuat sebuah "snapshot" terhadap semua berkas program (*.EXE, *.DLL, *.COM, *.VXD, dan lain-lain) dan membandingkannya seiring dengan waktu dengan versi-versi terdahulunya, dalam kondisi komputer tidak terkoneksi ke jaringan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan membuat sebuah checksum terhadap semua berkas program (dengan CRC atau MD5 atau mekanisme lainnya). Karena seringnya Trojan dimasukkan ke dalam direktori di mana sistem operasi berada (\WINDOWS atau \WINNT untuk Windows atau /bin, /usr/bin, /sbin, /usr/sbin dalam keluarga UNIX), maka yang patut dicurigai adalah berkas-berkas yang berada di dalam direktori tersebut. Banyak berkas yang dapat dicurigai, khususnya berkas-berkas program yang memiliki nama yang mirip dengan berkas yang "baik-baik" (seperti "svch0st.exe", dari yang seharusnya "svchost.exe", sebuah berkas yang dijalankan oleh banyak layanan sistem operasi Windows) dapat dicurigai sebagai Trojan Horse.
Cara terakhir adalah dengan menggunakan sebuah perangkat lunak antivirus, yang dilengkapi kemampuan untuk mendeteksi Trojan yang dipadukan dengan firewall yang memonitor setiap transmisi yang masuk dan keluar. Cara ini lebih efisien, tapi lebih mahal, karena umumnya perangkat lunak antivirus yang dipadukan dengan firewall memiliki harga yang lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan dua cara di atas (yang cenderung "gratis"). Memang, ada beberapa perangkat yang gratis, tapi tetap saja dibutuhkan waktu, tenaga dan uang untuk mendapatkannya (mengunduhnya dari Internet).
Berikut ini adalah contoh penggunaan utilitas Netstat dalam Windows XP Professional
C:\>netstat -a -bActive Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID
TCP windows-xp:epmap 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 956 c:\windows\system32\WS2_32.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\RPCRT4.dll c:\windows\system32\rpcss.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\svchost.exe -- unknown component(s) -- [svchost.exe]
TCP windows-xp:microsoft-ds 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 [System]
TCP windows-xp:50300 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1908 [oodag.exe]
TCP windows-xp:1025 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 496 [alg.exe]
TCP windows-xp:1030 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1252 [ccApp.exe]
UDP windows-xp:microsoft-ds *:* 4 [System]
UDP windows-xp:4500 *:* 724 [lsass.exe]
UDP windows-xp:isakmp *:* 724 [lsass.exe]
UDP windows-xp:1900 *:* 1192 c:\windows\system32\WS2_32.dll c:\windows\system32\ssdpsrv.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\ADVAPI32.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\kernel32.dll [svchost.exe]
UDP windows-xp:ntp *:* 1036 c:\windows\system32\WS2_32.dll c:\windows\system32\w32time.dll ntdll.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\kernel32.dll [svchost.exe]
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari
Trojan horse atau Kuda Troya, dalam keamanan komputer merujuk kepada sebuah bentuk perangkat lunak yang mencurigakan (malicious software/malware) yang dapat merusak sebuah sistem atau jaringan. Dapat disebut sebagai Trojan saja (membuang kata horse).
Trojan berbeda dengan jenis perangkat lunak mencurigakan lainnya seperti virus komputer atau worm karena dua hal berikut:
Trojan bersifat "stealth" (siluman dan tidak terlihat) dalam operasinya dan seringkali berbentuk seolah-olah program tersebut merupakan program baik-baik, sementara virus komputer atau worm bertindak lebih agresif dengan merusak sistem atau membuat sistem menjadi crash.
Trojan tidak mereplikasi dirinya sendiri, sementara virus komputer dan worm melakukannya.
Penggunaan istilah Trojan atau Trojan horse dimaksudkan untuk menyusupkan kode-kode mencurigakan dan merusak di dalam sebuah program baik-baik dan berguna; seperti halnya dalam Perang Troya, para prajurit Yunani bersembunyi di dalam Kuda Troya yang ditujukan sebagai pengabdian kepada Poseidon. Kuda Troya tersebut menurut para petinggi Troya dianggap tidak berbahaya, dan diizinkan masuk ke dalam benteng Troya yang tidak dapat ditembus oleh para prajurit Yunani selama kurang lebih 10 tahun perang Troya bergejolak.
Kebanyakan Trojan saat ini berupa sebuah berkas yang dapat dieksekusi (*.EXE atau *.COM dalam sistem operasi Windows dan DOS atau program dengan nama yang sering dieksekusi dalam sistem operasi UNIX, seperti ls, cat, dan lain-lain) yang dimasukkan ke dalam sistem yang ditembus oleh seorang hacker untuk mencuri data yang penting bagi pengguna (password, data kartu kredit, dan lain-lain). Trojan juga dapat menginfeksi sistem ketika pengguna mengunduh aplikasi (seringnya berupa game komputer) dari sumber yang tidak dapat dipercayai dalam jaringan Internet. Aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut dapat memiliki kode Trojan yang diintegrasikan di dalam dirinya dan mengizinkan seorang cracker untuk dapat mengacak-acak sistem yang bersangkutan.
Beberapa jenis Trojan yang beredar antara lain adalah:
Pencuri password: Jenis Trojan ini dapat mencari password yang disimpan di dalam sistem operasi (/etc/passwd atau /etc/shadow dalam keluarga sistem operasi UNIX atau berkas Security Account Manager (SAM) dalam keluarga sistem operasi Windows NT) dan akan mengirimkannya kepada si penyerang yang asli. Selain itu, jenis Trojan ini juga dapat menipu pengguna dengan membuat tampilan seolah-olah dirinya adalah layar login (/sbin/login dalam sistem operasi UNIX atau Winlogon.exe dalam sistem operasi Windows NT) serta menunggu pengguna untuk memasukkan passwordnya dan mengirimkannya kepada penyerang. Contoh dari jenis ini adalah Passfilt Trojan yang bertindak seolah-olah dirinya adalah berkas Passfilt.dll yang aslinya digunakan untuk menambah keamanan password dalam sistem operasi Windows NT, tapi disalahgunakan menjadi sebuah program pencuri password.
Pencatat penekanan tombol (keystroke logger/keylogger): Jenis Trojan ini akan memantau semua yang diketikkan oleh pengguna dan akan mengirimkannya kepada penyerang. Jenis ini berbeda dengan spyware, meski dua hal tersebut melakukan hal yang serupa (memata-matai pengguna).
Tool administrasi jarak jauh (Remote Administration Tools/RAT): Jenis Trojan ini mengizinkan para penyerang untuk mengambil alih kontrol secara penuh terhadap sistem dan melakukan apapun yang mereka mau dari jarak jauh, seperti memformat hard disk, mencuri atau menghapus data dan lain-lain. Contoh dari Trojan ini adalah Back Orifice, Back Orifice 2000, dan SubSeven.
DDoS Trojan atau Zombie Trojan: Jenis Trojan ini digunakan untuk menjadikan sistem yang terinfeksi agar dapat melakukan serangan penolakan layanan secara terdistribusi terhadap host target.
Ada lagi sebuah jenis Trojan yang mengimbuhkan dirinya sendiri ke sebuah program untuk memodifikasi cara kerja program yang diimbuhinya. Jenis Trojan ini disebut sebagai Trojan virus.
Mendeteksi keberadaan Trojan merupakan sebuah tindakan yang agak sulit dilakukan. Cara termudah adalah dengan melihat port-port mana yang terbuka dan sedang berada dalam keadaan "listening", dengan menggunakan utilitas tertentu semacam Netstat. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak Trojan berjalan sebagai sebuah layanan sistem, dan bekerja di latar belakang (background), sehingga Trojan-Trojan tersebut dapat menerima perintah dari penyerang dari jarak jauh. Ketika sebuah transmisi UDP atau TCP dilakukan, tapi transmisi tersebut dari port (yang berada dalam keadaan "listening") atau alamat yang tidak dikenali, maka hal tersebut bisa dijadikan pedoman bahwa sistem yang bersangkutan telah terinfeksi oleh Trojan Horse.
Cara lainnya yang dapat digunakan adalah dengan membuat sebuah "snapshot" terhadap semua berkas program (*.EXE, *.DLL, *.COM, *.VXD, dan lain-lain) dan membandingkannya seiring dengan waktu dengan versi-versi terdahulunya, dalam kondisi komputer tidak terkoneksi ke jaringan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan membuat sebuah checksum terhadap semua berkas program (dengan CRC atau MD5 atau mekanisme lainnya). Karena seringnya Trojan dimasukkan ke dalam direktori di mana sistem operasi berada (\WINDOWS atau \WINNT untuk Windows atau /bin, /usr/bin, /sbin, /usr/sbin dalam keluarga UNIX), maka yang patut dicurigai adalah berkas-berkas yang berada di dalam direktori tersebut. Banyak berkas yang dapat dicurigai, khususnya berkas-berkas program yang memiliki nama yang mirip dengan berkas yang "baik-baik" (seperti "svch0st.exe", dari yang seharusnya "svchost.exe", sebuah berkas yang dijalankan oleh banyak layanan sistem operasi Windows) dapat dicurigai sebagai Trojan Horse.
Cara terakhir adalah dengan menggunakan sebuah perangkat lunak antivirus, yang dilengkapi kemampuan untuk mendeteksi Trojan yang dipadukan dengan firewall yang memonitor setiap transmisi yang masuk dan keluar. Cara ini lebih efisien, tapi lebih mahal, karena umumnya perangkat lunak antivirus yang dipadukan dengan firewall memiliki harga yang lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan dua cara di atas (yang cenderung "gratis"). Memang, ada beberapa perangkat yang gratis, tapi tetap saja dibutuhkan waktu, tenaga dan uang untuk mendapatkannya (mengunduhnya dari Internet).
Berikut ini adalah contoh penggunaan utilitas Netstat dalam Windows XP Professional
C:\>netstat -a -bActive Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID
TCP windows-xp:epmap 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 956 c:\windows\system32\WS2_32.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\RPCRT4.dll c:\windows\system32\rpcss.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\svchost.exe -- unknown component(s) -- [svchost.exe]
TCP windows-xp:microsoft-ds 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 [System]
TCP windows-xp:50300 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1908 [oodag.exe]
TCP windows-xp:1025 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 496 [alg.exe]
TCP windows-xp:1030 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1252 [ccApp.exe]
UDP windows-xp:microsoft-ds *:* 4 [System]
UDP windows-xp:4500 *:* 724 [lsass.exe]
UDP windows-xp:isakmp *:* 724 [lsass.exe]
UDP windows-xp:1900 *:* 1192 c:\windows\system32\WS2_32.dll c:\windows\system32\ssdpsrv.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\ADVAPI32.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\kernel32.dll [svchost.exe]
UDP windows-xp:ntp *:* 1036 c:\windows\system32\WS2_32.dll c:\windows\system32\w32time.dll ntdll.dll C:\WINDOWS\system32\kernel32.dll [svchost.exe]
Lebah
Lebah merupakan sekelompok besar serangga yang dikenal karena suka hidup berkelompokm meskipun sebenarnya tidak semua lebah bersifat demikian. Semua lebah masuk dalam suku/familia Apidae (ordo Hymenoptera: serangga bersayap selaput). Di dunia terdapat kira-kira 20.000 spesies lebah dan dapat ditemukan di setiap benua, kecuali Antartika.
Sebagai serangga, ia mempunyai tiga pasang kaki dan dua pasang sayap. Lebah membuat sarangnya di atas bukit, di pohon kayu dan pada atap rumah. Sarangnya dibangun dari malam yang terdapat dalam badannya. Lebah memakan nektar bunga dan serbuk sari.
Sebagai serangga, ia mempunyai tiga pasang kaki dan dua pasang sayap. Lebah membuat sarangnya di atas bukit, di pohon kayu dan pada atap rumah. Sarangnya dibangun dari malam yang terdapat dalam badannya. Lebah memakan nektar bunga dan serbuk sari.
Cara hidup
Serangga betina memiliki peran penting dalam kelompok serangga ini. Perilaku dari lebah sangat ditentukan oleh perilaku dari lebah betina. Beberapa lebah betina dari spesies tertentu hidup sendiri (soliter) dan sebagian lainnya dikenal memiliki perilaku sosial. Lebah soliter membangun sendiri sarangnya dan mencari makan untuk keturunnya tanpa bantuan lebah lain dan biasanya mati atau meninggalkan sarang pada saat keturunnya belum menjadi lebah dewasa. Kadang kala beberapa spesies lebah soliter memberi makan dan merawat anaknya tanpa memberikan cadangan makanan bagi anaknya, bentuk hubungan seperti ini dikenal dengan istilah subsosial. Sementara pada tahap lebih tinggi, lebah hidup berkelompok dan saling berbagi tugas sesuai dengan bentuk fisik masing-masing.
Koloni
Dalam suatu kelompok (disebut "koloni") terdapat tiga "kasta", yaitu:
lebah ratu;
lebah betina (juga dikenal sebagai "lebah pekerja"); dan
lebah jantan. Setiap kasta lebah mempunyai tugas masing-masing. Lebah ratu hanya satu ekor dalam setiap koloni dan mengawal semua kegiatan lebah betina dan lebah jantan. Komposisi kromosomnya diploid sehingga dapat menghasilkan keturunan. Badannya lebih besar karena sejak masih dalam bentuk larva ia diberi makan royal jelly yang kaya akan khasiat. Tugas utamanya ialah kawin dan bertelur. Lebah ratu yang aktif mampu bertelur kira-kira 2.000 butir sehari. Harapan hidup lebah ratu ialah tiga tahun.
Lebah betina atau lebah pekerja mengumpulkan serbuk sari dan nektar. Madu merupakan produk hasil pengolahan makanan ini dalam tubuhnya dan disimpan dalam sarang lebah untuk makanan, termasuk untuk larva dan pupa. Ada juga lebah betina yang bertugas membersihkan sarang dan menjaga anak-anak lebah. Harapan hidup lebah pekerja ialah tiga bulan atau lebih sedikit. Lebah betina terbentuk tanpa melalui perkawinan ("partenogenesis") dan mandul (steril) karena hanya memiliki satu set kromosom (haploid).
Serangga betina memiliki peran penting dalam kelompok serangga ini. Perilaku dari lebah sangat ditentukan oleh perilaku dari lebah betina. Beberapa lebah betina dari spesies tertentu hidup sendiri (soliter) dan sebagian lainnya dikenal memiliki perilaku sosial. Lebah soliter membangun sendiri sarangnya dan mencari makan untuk keturunnya tanpa bantuan lebah lain dan biasanya mati atau meninggalkan sarang pada saat keturunnya belum menjadi lebah dewasa. Kadang kala beberapa spesies lebah soliter memberi makan dan merawat anaknya tanpa memberikan cadangan makanan bagi anaknya, bentuk hubungan seperti ini dikenal dengan istilah subsosial. Sementara pada tahap lebih tinggi, lebah hidup berkelompok dan saling berbagi tugas sesuai dengan bentuk fisik masing-masing.
Koloni
Dalam suatu kelompok (disebut "koloni") terdapat tiga "kasta", yaitu:
lebah ratu;
lebah betina (juga dikenal sebagai "lebah pekerja"); dan
lebah jantan. Setiap kasta lebah mempunyai tugas masing-masing. Lebah ratu hanya satu ekor dalam setiap koloni dan mengawal semua kegiatan lebah betina dan lebah jantan. Komposisi kromosomnya diploid sehingga dapat menghasilkan keturunan. Badannya lebih besar karena sejak masih dalam bentuk larva ia diberi makan royal jelly yang kaya akan khasiat. Tugas utamanya ialah kawin dan bertelur. Lebah ratu yang aktif mampu bertelur kira-kira 2.000 butir sehari. Harapan hidup lebah ratu ialah tiga tahun.
Lebah betina atau lebah pekerja mengumpulkan serbuk sari dan nektar. Madu merupakan produk hasil pengolahan makanan ini dalam tubuhnya dan disimpan dalam sarang lebah untuk makanan, termasuk untuk larva dan pupa. Ada juga lebah betina yang bertugas membersihkan sarang dan menjaga anak-anak lebah. Harapan hidup lebah pekerja ialah tiga bulan atau lebih sedikit. Lebah betina terbentuk tanpa melalui perkawinan ("partenogenesis") dan mandul (steril) karena hanya memiliki satu set kromosom (haploid).
Tugas
Lebah jantan bertugas mengawini lebah ratu dan akan mati setelah kawin. Lebah jantan merupakan lebah hasil perkawinan (sehingga diploid) yang diberi makanan nektar dan madu biasa (bukan "royal jelly").Terdapat pula lebah yang hidup menyendiri, tidak dalam kelompok. Jenis lebah yang demikian disebut lebah soliter.
Siklus hidup
Lebah menjalani metamorfosis lengkap ("holometabola") sehingga terdapat empat tahap bentuk kehidupan:
telur;
larva;
pupa (kepompong);
imago (lebah dewasa).
Telur yang menetas akan menjadi larva. Pada tahapan ini, lebah pekerja akan memberi larva makanan berupa serbuk sari, nektar, serta madu. Sebagian nektar yang dikumpul oleh lebah pekerja disimpan sebagai madu. Setelah beberapa hari, larva berganti menjadi pupa dan seterusnya menjadi anak lebah.
Pemanfaatan lebah
Lebah di alam berfungsi penting sebagai serangga penyerbuk utama. Kesukaannya akan nektar dan serbuk sari dimanfaatkan tumbuhan untuk penyerbukan dan penyebaran serbuk sari. Dalam penyerbukan buatan tanaman tertentu, lebah dipelihara dalam kurungan berisi tumbuhan yang akan disilangkan.
Madu yang dihasilkan lebah disukai oleh banyak hewan, khususnya beruang.
Manusia juga memanfaatkan madu sebagai makanan serta obat. Pemeliharaan lebah untuk diambil madunya telah dilakukan manusia sejak lama. Ilmu tentang lebah dan pemeliharaannya dikenal sebagai apiari. Usaha peternakan lebah juga disebut dengan nama tersebut.
Beberapa jenis lebah memiliki sengat yang sebetulnya bersifat fatal bagi dirinya. Sengat ini dimanfaatkan manusia dalam pengobatan serupa akupunktur yang dinamakan terapi lebah (apitherapy).
Di beberapa tempat di Indonesia larva dan pupa lebah dijadikan makanan (misalnya sebagai bothok lebah).
Lebah jantan bertugas mengawini lebah ratu dan akan mati setelah kawin. Lebah jantan merupakan lebah hasil perkawinan (sehingga diploid) yang diberi makanan nektar dan madu biasa (bukan "royal jelly").Terdapat pula lebah yang hidup menyendiri, tidak dalam kelompok. Jenis lebah yang demikian disebut lebah soliter.
Siklus hidup
Lebah menjalani metamorfosis lengkap ("holometabola") sehingga terdapat empat tahap bentuk kehidupan:
telur;
larva;
pupa (kepompong);
imago (lebah dewasa).
Telur yang menetas akan menjadi larva. Pada tahapan ini, lebah pekerja akan memberi larva makanan berupa serbuk sari, nektar, serta madu. Sebagian nektar yang dikumpul oleh lebah pekerja disimpan sebagai madu. Setelah beberapa hari, larva berganti menjadi pupa dan seterusnya menjadi anak lebah.
Pemanfaatan lebah
Lebah di alam berfungsi penting sebagai serangga penyerbuk utama. Kesukaannya akan nektar dan serbuk sari dimanfaatkan tumbuhan untuk penyerbukan dan penyebaran serbuk sari. Dalam penyerbukan buatan tanaman tertentu, lebah dipelihara dalam kurungan berisi tumbuhan yang akan disilangkan.
Madu yang dihasilkan lebah disukai oleh banyak hewan, khususnya beruang.
Manusia juga memanfaatkan madu sebagai makanan serta obat. Pemeliharaan lebah untuk diambil madunya telah dilakukan manusia sejak lama. Ilmu tentang lebah dan pemeliharaannya dikenal sebagai apiari. Usaha peternakan lebah juga disebut dengan nama tersebut.
Beberapa jenis lebah memiliki sengat yang sebetulnya bersifat fatal bagi dirinya. Sengat ini dimanfaatkan manusia dalam pengobatan serupa akupunktur yang dinamakan terapi lebah (apitherapy).
Di beberapa tempat di Indonesia larva dan pupa lebah dijadikan makanan (misalnya sebagai bothok lebah).
Bunga Matahari
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Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Plantae
Divisio:
Magnoliophyta
Kelas:
Magnoliopsida
Ordo:
Asterales
Familia:
Asteraceae
Genus:
Helianthus
Spesies:
H. annuus
Nama jenis
Helianthus annuusLinnaeus
Bunga matahari (Helianthus annuus L.) merupakan tumbuhan semusim dari suku kenikir-kenikiran (Asteraceae) yang populer, baik sebagai tanaman hias maupun tanaman penghasil minyak. Bunga tumbuhan ini sangat khas: besar, biasanya berwarna kuning terang, dengan kepala bunga yang besar (diameter bisa mencapai 30cm). Bunga ini sebetulnya adalah bunga majemuk, tersusun dari ratusan hingga ribuan bunga kecil pada satu bongkol. Bunga matahari juga memiliki perilaku khas, yaitu bunganya selalu menghadap ke arah matahari atau heliotropisme. Orang Perancis menyebutnya tournesol atau "pengelana matahari". Namun demikian, sifat ini disingkirkan pada berbagai kultivar baru untuk produksi minyak karena memakan banyak energi dan mengurangi hasil.
Bunga matahari merupakan bunga nasional RRC dan bunga resmi negara bagian Kansas,
Pemerian
Tumbuhan terna semusim yang berasal dari Amerika Tropik bagian utara (Meksiko), tinggi 3m sampai 5m tergantung varietasnya. Daun tunggal lebar. Batang biasanya ditumbuhi rambut kasar, tegak, jarang bercabang.
Bunga tersusun majemuk. Terdapat dua tipe bunga: bunga tepi atau bunga lidah yang membawa satu kelopak besar berwarna kuning cerah dan steril, dan bunga tabung yang fertil dan menghasilkan biji. Bunga tabung ini jumlahnya bisa mencapai 2000 kuntum dalam satu tandan bunga. Penyerbukan terbuka (silang) dan dibantu oleh serangga. Pada hari yang cerah, tandan bunga majemuk mengikuti pergerakan harian matahari (asal nama tumbuhan ini), yang gejalanya disebut heliotropisme. Tumbuhan mendapat keuntungan 10% lebih fotosintesis karena pergerakan ini.
Bijinya bertipe "achane". Pada tipe ini, buah dan biji tidak dapat dengan mudah dibedakan.
Kelompok budidaya
Ada empat kelompok budidaya bagi bunga matahari yang dibedakan berdasarkan kegunaannya. Kultivar yang dirakit biasanya diarahkan pada salah satu kegunaan tertentu saja.
Kelompok penghasil minyak, dimanfaatkan minyak bijinya. Biji kelompok ini memiliki cangkang biji yang tipis. Kandungan minyaknya berkisar 48% hingga 52%. Untuk menghasilkan satu liter minyak diperlukan biji dari kira-kira 60 tandan bunga majemuk.
Kelompok pakan ternak, dipanen daunnya sebagai pakan atau pupuk hijau.
Kelompok tanaman hias, yang memiliki warna kelopak yang bervariasi dan memiliki banyak cabang berbunga,
Kelompok kuaci, untuk dipanen bijinya sebagai bahan pangan.
Budidaya
Sejarah
Tumbuhan ini telah dibudidayakan oleh orang-orang Indian Amerika Utara sejak ribuan tahun lalu. Selanjutnya tersebar ke Amerika Selatan dan menjadi salah satu sumber pangan bagi warga Inka. Setelah penaklukan oleh orang Eropa, bunga matahari diperkenalkan ke Eropa dan berbagai penjuru dunia lainnya pada abad ke-16. Semenjak abad ke-17 bijinya digunakan dalam campuran roti atau diolah sebagai pengganti kopi serta cokelat. Penggunaannya sebagai sumber minyak mulai dirintis pada abad ke-19.
Budidaya
Bunga matahari menyukai tanah yang subur dan hangat. Tumbuhan ini menyukai suasana yang cerah. Mengingat asalnya, tumbuhan ini cocok tumbuh pada tempat dengan iklim subtropik. Di daerah tropika hasilnya tinggi jika ditanam pada dataran tinggi. Di daerah beriklim sedang seperti Eropa tumbuhan ini hanya bisa ditanam pada musim semi hingga musim gugur dan harus dihindari terkena frost.
Kerapatan tanam biasanya 60000 hingga 70000 tanaman per ha.
Minyak bunga matahari
Seperti telah disinggung pada bagian kelompok budidaya, pemanfaatan bunga matahari terutama adalah sebagai sumber minyak, baik pangan maupun industri. Sebagai bahan pangan, minyak bunga matahari cocok dipakai untuk menggoreng, mengentalkan, serta campuran salad. Minyak bunga matahari kaya akan asam linoleat (C18:2), suatu asam lemak tak jenuh yang baik bagi kesehatan manusia. Kepentingan teknik menginginkan minyak dengan kadar asam oleat yang lebih tinggi dan terdapat pula kultivar bunga matahari yang menghasilkan minyak dengan kualitas demikian (mengandung 80% hingga 90% asam oleat, sementara kultivar untuk pangan memiliki hanya 25% asam oleat).
Coklat
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Artikel ini mengenai cokelat sebagai bahan makanan.
Cokelat adalah sebutan untuk makanan yang diolah dari biji kakao.
Cokelat umumnya diberikan sebagai hadiah atau bingkisan di hari raya. Dengan bentuk, corak, dan rasa yang unik, cokelat sering digunakan sebagai ungkapan terima kasih, simpati, atau perhatian. Bahkan sebagai pernyataan cinta.
Cokelat juga telah menjadi salah satu rasa yang paling populer di dunia, selain sebagai cokelat batangan yang paling umum dikonsumsi, cokelat juga menjadi bahan minuman hangat dan dingin.
Sejarah Cokelat
Segelas cokelat panas. Menurut sejarahnya Cokelat pada awalnya diminum dan tidak dimakan.
Cokelat dihasilkan dari kakao (Theobroma cacao) yang diperkirakan mula-mula tumbuh di daerah Amazon utara sampai ke Amerika Tengah. Mungkin sampai ke Chiapas, bagian paling selatan Meksiko. Orang-orang Olmec memanfaatkan pohon dan, mungkin juga, membuat “cokelat” di sepanjang pantai teluk di selatan Meksiko. Dokumentasi paling awal tentang cokelat ditemukan pada penggunaannya di sebuah situs pengolahan cokelat di Puerto Escondido, Honduras sekitar 1100 -1400 tahun SM [1]. Residu yang diperoleh dari tangki-tangki pengolahan ini mengindikasikan bahwa awalnya penggunaan kakao tidak diperuntukkan untuk membuat minuman saja, namun selput putih yang terdapat pada biji kokoa lebih condong digunakan sebagai sumber gula untuk minuman beralkohol.
Residu cokelat yang ditemukan pada tembikar yang digunakan oleh suku Maya kuno di Río Azul, Guatemala Utara, menunjukkan bahwa Suku Maya meminum cokelat di sekitar tahun 400 SM. Peradaban pertama yang mendiami daerah Meso-Amerika itu mengenal pohon “kakawa” yang buahnya dikonsumsi sebagai minuman xocolātl yang berarti minuman pahit. Menurut mereka, minuman ini perlu dikonsumsi setiap hari, entah untuk alasan apa. Namun, tampaknya cokelat juga menjadi simbol kemakmuran. Cara menyajikannya pun tak sembarangan. Dengan memegang wadah cairan ini setinggi dada dan menuangkan ke wadah lain di tanah, penyaji yang ahli dapat membuat busa tebal, bagian yang membuat minuman itu begitu bernilai. Busa ini sebenarnya dihasilkan oleh lemak kokoa (cocoa butter) namun terkadang ditambahkan juga busa tambahan. Orang Meso-Amerika tampaknya memiliki kebiasaan penting minum dan makan bubur yang mengandung cokelat. Biji dari pohon kakao ini sendiri sangat pahit dan harus difermentasi agar rasanya dapat diperolah. Setelah dipanggang dan dibubukkan hasilnya adalah cokelat atau kokoa. Diperkirakan kebiasaan minum cokelat suku Maya dimulai sekitar tahun 450 SM - 500 SM. Konon, konsumsi cokelat dianggap sebagai simbol status penting pada masa itu. Suku Maya mengonsumsi cokelat dalam bentuk cairan berbuih ditaburi lada merah, vanila, atau rempah-rempah lain. Minuman Xocoatl juga dipercaya sebagai pencegah lelah, sebuah kepercayaan yang mungkin disebabkan dari kandungan theobromin didalamnya.
Ketika peradaban Maya klasik runtuh (sekitar tahun 900) dan digantikan oleh bangsa Toltec, biji kokoa menjadi komoditas utama Meso-Amerika. Pada masa Kerajaan Aztec berkuasa (sampai sekitar tahun 1500 SM) daerah yang meliputi Kota Meksiko saat ini dikenal sebagai daerah Meso-Amerika yang paling kaya akan biji kokoa. Bagi suku Aztec biji kokoa merupakan “makanan para dewa” (theobroma, dari bahasa Yunani). Biasanya biji kokoa digunakan dalam upacara-upacara keagamaan dan sebagai hadiah.
Cokelat juga menjadi barang mewah pada masa Kolombia-Meso Amerika, dalam kebudayaan mereka yaitu suku Maya, Toltec, dan Aztec biji kakao (cacao bean) sering digunakan sebagai mata uang [2]. Sebagai contoh suku Indian Aztec menggunakan sistem perhitungan dimana satu ayam turki seharga seratus biji kokoa dan satu buah alpukat seharga tiga biji kokoa [3]
Sementara tahun 1544 M, delegasi Maya Kekchi dari Guatemala yang mengunjungi istana Spanyol membawa hadiah, di antaranya minuman cokelat.
Di awal abad ke-17, cokelat menjadi minuman penyegar yang digemari di istana Spanyol. Sepanjang abad itu, cokelat menyebar di antara kaum elit Eropa, kemudian lewat proses yang demokratis harganya menjadi cukup murah, dan pada akhir abad itu menjadi minuman yang dinikmati oleh kelas pedagang. Kira-kira 100 tahun setelah kedatangannya di Eropa, begitu terkenalnya cokelat di London, sampai didirikan “rumah cokelat” untuk menyimpan persediaan cokelat, dimulai di rumah-rumah kopi. Rumah cokelat pertama dibuka pada 1657.
Di tahun 1689 seorang dokter dan kolektor bernama Hans Sloane, mengembangkan sejenis minuman susu cokelat di Jamaika dan awalnya diminum oleh suku apothekari, namun minuman ini kemudian dijual oleh Cadbury bersaudara [4].
Semua cokelat Eropa awalnya dikonsumsi sebagai minuman. Baru pada 1847 ditemukan cokelat padat. Orang Eropa membuang hampir semua rempah-rempah yang ditambahkan oleh orang Meso-Amerika, tetapi sering mempertahankan vanila. Juga mengganti banyak bumbu sehingga sesuai dengan selera mereka sendiri mulai dari resep khusus yang memerlukan ambergris, zat warna keunguan berlilin yang diambil dari dalam usus ikan paus, hingga bahan lebih umum seperti kayu manis atau cengkeh. Namun, yang paling sering ditambahkan adalah gula. Sebaliknya, cokelat Meso-Amerika tampaknya tidak dibuat manis.
Cokelat Eropa awalnya diramu dengan cara yang sama dengan yang digunakan suku Maya dan Aztec. Bahkan sampai sekarang, cara Meso-Amerika kuno masih dipertahankan, tetapi di dalam mesin industri. Biji kokoa masih sedikit difermentasikan, dikeringkan, dipanggang, dan digiling. Namun, serangkaian teknik lebih rumit pun dimainkan. Bubuk cokelat diemulsikan dengan karbonasi kalium atau natrium agar lebih mudah bercampur dengan air (dutched, metode emulsifikasi yang ditemukan orang Belanda), lemaknya dikurangi dengan membuang banyak lemak kokoa (defatted), digiling sebagai cairan dalam gentong khusus (conched), atau dicampur dengan susu sehingga menjadi cokelat susu (milk chocolate).
Rasa cokelat
Rasa cokelat masih sulit didefinisikan. Dalam bukunya Kaisar Cokelat (Emperors of Chocolate), Joel Glenn Brenner menggambarkan riset terkini tentang rasanya. Menurutnya rasa cokelat tercipta dari campuran 1.200 macam zat, tanpa satu rasa yang jelas-jelas dominan. Sebagian dari zat itu rasanya sangat tidak enak kalau berdiri sendiri. Karenanya, sampai kini belum ada rasa cokelat tiruan.
Efek psikologis yang terjadi saat menikmati cokelat dikarenakan titik leleh lemak kokoa ini terletak sedikit di bawah suhu normal tubuh manusia. Sebagai ilustrasi, bila anda memakan sepotong cokelat, lemak dari cokelat tersebut akan lumer di dalam mulut. Lumernya lemak kokoa menimbulkan rasa lembut yang khas dimulut, riset terakhir dari BBC mengindikasikan bahwa lelehnya cokelat didalam mulut meningkatkan aktifitas otak dan debaran jantung yang lebih kuat daripada aktifitas yang dihasilkan dari ciuman mulut ke mulut, dan juga akan terasa empat kali lebih lama bahkan setelah aktifitas ini berhenti [5].
Pemalsuan rasa
Pemalsuan rasa cokelat sering terjadi karena kokoa adalah bahan yang relatif mahal dibandingkan dengan gula atau minyak nabati. Kedua bahan ini sering digunakan untuk menggantikan kokoa.
Lemak kokoa sering digantikan minyak yang lebih murah, seperti lesitin dari kedelai atau minyak palem. Selain soal harga, dengan kedua bahan ini pelapisan cokelat menjadi lebih mudah. Perbandingan kokoa padat (komponen nonlemak pada biji yang digiling) juga cenderung rendah. Dalam cokelat batangan, misalnya, sekitar 20% gula-gula itu diisi cokelat.
Cokelat premium, di sisi lain, biasanya mengandung sekitar 50 - 70% cokelat padat. Karena mengandung lebih sedikit gula dan mungkin juga sedikit minyak nabati, cokelat pekat ini mengandung lebih sedikit kalori dari produk cokelat pada umumnya. Pantaslah bila para pencinta cokelat sering “protes” gara-gara cokelat disalahkan untuk masalah yang sebenarnya disebabkan oleh konsumsi gula berlebihan.
Kandungan cokelat
Cokelat mengandung alkaloid-alkaloid seperti [[teobromin]], fenetilamina, dan anandamida, yang memiliki efek fisiologis untuk tubuh. Kandungan-kandungan ini banyak dihubungkan dengan tingkat serotonin dalam otak. Menurut ilmuwan cokelat yang dimakan dalam jumlah normal secara teratur dapat menurunkan tekanan darah [6] . Cokelat hitam akhir-akhir ini banyak mendapatkan promosi karena menguntungkan kesehatan bila dikonsumsi dalam jumlah sedang, termasuk kandungan anti oksidannya yang dapat mengurangi pembentukan radikal bebas dalam tubuh.
Racun bagi hewan tertentu
Adanya kandungan teobromin dalam cokelat bisa menjadi racun untuk sebagian hewan bila dikonsumsi. Hewan-hewan yang bereaksi keracunan pada kandungan teobromin diantaranya adalah kuda, anjing, burung kakak tua, tikus-tikus jenis kecil dan kucing (khususnya anak kucing), ini dikarenakan metabolisme tubuh mereka tidak dapat mencerna kandungan kimia ini secara efektif. Bila mereka diberi makan cokelat maka kandungan teobromin akan tetap berada dalam aliran darah mereka hingga 20 jam, akibatnya hewan-hewan ini mungkin mengalami epilepsi dan kejang-kejang, serangan jantung, pendarahan internal, dan pada akhirnya menyebabkan kematian. Penanggulangannya adalah dengan merangsang hewan-hewan ini agar memuntahkan cokelat dan secepat mungkin membawa mereka ke dokter hewan.
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Artikel ini mengenai cokelat sebagai bahan makanan.
Cokelat adalah sebutan untuk makanan yang diolah dari biji kakao.
Cokelat umumnya diberikan sebagai hadiah atau bingkisan di hari raya. Dengan bentuk, corak, dan rasa yang unik, cokelat sering digunakan sebagai ungkapan terima kasih, simpati, atau perhatian. Bahkan sebagai pernyataan cinta.
Cokelat juga telah menjadi salah satu rasa yang paling populer di dunia, selain sebagai cokelat batangan yang paling umum dikonsumsi, cokelat juga menjadi bahan minuman hangat dan dingin.
Sejarah Cokelat
Segelas cokelat panas. Menurut sejarahnya Cokelat pada awalnya diminum dan tidak dimakan.
Cokelat dihasilkan dari kakao (Theobroma cacao) yang diperkirakan mula-mula tumbuh di daerah Amazon utara sampai ke Amerika Tengah. Mungkin sampai ke Chiapas, bagian paling selatan Meksiko. Orang-orang Olmec memanfaatkan pohon dan, mungkin juga, membuat “cokelat” di sepanjang pantai teluk di selatan Meksiko. Dokumentasi paling awal tentang cokelat ditemukan pada penggunaannya di sebuah situs pengolahan cokelat di Puerto Escondido, Honduras sekitar 1100 -1400 tahun SM [1]. Residu yang diperoleh dari tangki-tangki pengolahan ini mengindikasikan bahwa awalnya penggunaan kakao tidak diperuntukkan untuk membuat minuman saja, namun selput putih yang terdapat pada biji kokoa lebih condong digunakan sebagai sumber gula untuk minuman beralkohol.
Residu cokelat yang ditemukan pada tembikar yang digunakan oleh suku Maya kuno di Río Azul, Guatemala Utara, menunjukkan bahwa Suku Maya meminum cokelat di sekitar tahun 400 SM. Peradaban pertama yang mendiami daerah Meso-Amerika itu mengenal pohon “kakawa” yang buahnya dikonsumsi sebagai minuman xocolātl yang berarti minuman pahit. Menurut mereka, minuman ini perlu dikonsumsi setiap hari, entah untuk alasan apa. Namun, tampaknya cokelat juga menjadi simbol kemakmuran. Cara menyajikannya pun tak sembarangan. Dengan memegang wadah cairan ini setinggi dada dan menuangkan ke wadah lain di tanah, penyaji yang ahli dapat membuat busa tebal, bagian yang membuat minuman itu begitu bernilai. Busa ini sebenarnya dihasilkan oleh lemak kokoa (cocoa butter) namun terkadang ditambahkan juga busa tambahan. Orang Meso-Amerika tampaknya memiliki kebiasaan penting minum dan makan bubur yang mengandung cokelat. Biji dari pohon kakao ini sendiri sangat pahit dan harus difermentasi agar rasanya dapat diperolah. Setelah dipanggang dan dibubukkan hasilnya adalah cokelat atau kokoa. Diperkirakan kebiasaan minum cokelat suku Maya dimulai sekitar tahun 450 SM - 500 SM. Konon, konsumsi cokelat dianggap sebagai simbol status penting pada masa itu. Suku Maya mengonsumsi cokelat dalam bentuk cairan berbuih ditaburi lada merah, vanila, atau rempah-rempah lain. Minuman Xocoatl juga dipercaya sebagai pencegah lelah, sebuah kepercayaan yang mungkin disebabkan dari kandungan theobromin didalamnya.
Ketika peradaban Maya klasik runtuh (sekitar tahun 900) dan digantikan oleh bangsa Toltec, biji kokoa menjadi komoditas utama Meso-Amerika. Pada masa Kerajaan Aztec berkuasa (sampai sekitar tahun 1500 SM) daerah yang meliputi Kota Meksiko saat ini dikenal sebagai daerah Meso-Amerika yang paling kaya akan biji kokoa. Bagi suku Aztec biji kokoa merupakan “makanan para dewa” (theobroma, dari bahasa Yunani). Biasanya biji kokoa digunakan dalam upacara-upacara keagamaan dan sebagai hadiah.
Cokelat juga menjadi barang mewah pada masa Kolombia-Meso Amerika, dalam kebudayaan mereka yaitu suku Maya, Toltec, dan Aztec biji kakao (cacao bean) sering digunakan sebagai mata uang [2]. Sebagai contoh suku Indian Aztec menggunakan sistem perhitungan dimana satu ayam turki seharga seratus biji kokoa dan satu buah alpukat seharga tiga biji kokoa [3]
Sementara tahun 1544 M, delegasi Maya Kekchi dari Guatemala yang mengunjungi istana Spanyol membawa hadiah, di antaranya minuman cokelat.
Di awal abad ke-17, cokelat menjadi minuman penyegar yang digemari di istana Spanyol. Sepanjang abad itu, cokelat menyebar di antara kaum elit Eropa, kemudian lewat proses yang demokratis harganya menjadi cukup murah, dan pada akhir abad itu menjadi minuman yang dinikmati oleh kelas pedagang. Kira-kira 100 tahun setelah kedatangannya di Eropa, begitu terkenalnya cokelat di London, sampai didirikan “rumah cokelat” untuk menyimpan persediaan cokelat, dimulai di rumah-rumah kopi. Rumah cokelat pertama dibuka pada 1657.
Di tahun 1689 seorang dokter dan kolektor bernama Hans Sloane, mengembangkan sejenis minuman susu cokelat di Jamaika dan awalnya diminum oleh suku apothekari, namun minuman ini kemudian dijual oleh Cadbury bersaudara [4].
Semua cokelat Eropa awalnya dikonsumsi sebagai minuman. Baru pada 1847 ditemukan cokelat padat. Orang Eropa membuang hampir semua rempah-rempah yang ditambahkan oleh orang Meso-Amerika, tetapi sering mempertahankan vanila. Juga mengganti banyak bumbu sehingga sesuai dengan selera mereka sendiri mulai dari resep khusus yang memerlukan ambergris, zat warna keunguan berlilin yang diambil dari dalam usus ikan paus, hingga bahan lebih umum seperti kayu manis atau cengkeh. Namun, yang paling sering ditambahkan adalah gula. Sebaliknya, cokelat Meso-Amerika tampaknya tidak dibuat manis.
Cokelat Eropa awalnya diramu dengan cara yang sama dengan yang digunakan suku Maya dan Aztec. Bahkan sampai sekarang, cara Meso-Amerika kuno masih dipertahankan, tetapi di dalam mesin industri. Biji kokoa masih sedikit difermentasikan, dikeringkan, dipanggang, dan digiling. Namun, serangkaian teknik lebih rumit pun dimainkan. Bubuk cokelat diemulsikan dengan karbonasi kalium atau natrium agar lebih mudah bercampur dengan air (dutched, metode emulsifikasi yang ditemukan orang Belanda), lemaknya dikurangi dengan membuang banyak lemak kokoa (defatted), digiling sebagai cairan dalam gentong khusus (conched), atau dicampur dengan susu sehingga menjadi cokelat susu (milk chocolate).
Rasa cokelat
Rasa cokelat masih sulit didefinisikan. Dalam bukunya Kaisar Cokelat (Emperors of Chocolate), Joel Glenn Brenner menggambarkan riset terkini tentang rasanya. Menurutnya rasa cokelat tercipta dari campuran 1.200 macam zat, tanpa satu rasa yang jelas-jelas dominan. Sebagian dari zat itu rasanya sangat tidak enak kalau berdiri sendiri. Karenanya, sampai kini belum ada rasa cokelat tiruan.
Efek psikologis yang terjadi saat menikmati cokelat dikarenakan titik leleh lemak kokoa ini terletak sedikit di bawah suhu normal tubuh manusia. Sebagai ilustrasi, bila anda memakan sepotong cokelat, lemak dari cokelat tersebut akan lumer di dalam mulut. Lumernya lemak kokoa menimbulkan rasa lembut yang khas dimulut, riset terakhir dari BBC mengindikasikan bahwa lelehnya cokelat didalam mulut meningkatkan aktifitas otak dan debaran jantung yang lebih kuat daripada aktifitas yang dihasilkan dari ciuman mulut ke mulut, dan juga akan terasa empat kali lebih lama bahkan setelah aktifitas ini berhenti [5].
Pemalsuan rasa
Pemalsuan rasa cokelat sering terjadi karena kokoa adalah bahan yang relatif mahal dibandingkan dengan gula atau minyak nabati. Kedua bahan ini sering digunakan untuk menggantikan kokoa.
Lemak kokoa sering digantikan minyak yang lebih murah, seperti lesitin dari kedelai atau minyak palem. Selain soal harga, dengan kedua bahan ini pelapisan cokelat menjadi lebih mudah. Perbandingan kokoa padat (komponen nonlemak pada biji yang digiling) juga cenderung rendah. Dalam cokelat batangan, misalnya, sekitar 20% gula-gula itu diisi cokelat.
Cokelat premium, di sisi lain, biasanya mengandung sekitar 50 - 70% cokelat padat. Karena mengandung lebih sedikit gula dan mungkin juga sedikit minyak nabati, cokelat pekat ini mengandung lebih sedikit kalori dari produk cokelat pada umumnya. Pantaslah bila para pencinta cokelat sering “protes” gara-gara cokelat disalahkan untuk masalah yang sebenarnya disebabkan oleh konsumsi gula berlebihan.
Kandungan cokelat
Cokelat mengandung alkaloid-alkaloid seperti [[teobromin]], fenetilamina, dan anandamida, yang memiliki efek fisiologis untuk tubuh. Kandungan-kandungan ini banyak dihubungkan dengan tingkat serotonin dalam otak. Menurut ilmuwan cokelat yang dimakan dalam jumlah normal secara teratur dapat menurunkan tekanan darah [6] . Cokelat hitam akhir-akhir ini banyak mendapatkan promosi karena menguntungkan kesehatan bila dikonsumsi dalam jumlah sedang, termasuk kandungan anti oksidannya yang dapat mengurangi pembentukan radikal bebas dalam tubuh.
Racun bagi hewan tertentu
Adanya kandungan teobromin dalam cokelat bisa menjadi racun untuk sebagian hewan bila dikonsumsi. Hewan-hewan yang bereaksi keracunan pada kandungan teobromin diantaranya adalah kuda, anjing, burung kakak tua, tikus-tikus jenis kecil dan kucing (khususnya anak kucing), ini dikarenakan metabolisme tubuh mereka tidak dapat mencerna kandungan kimia ini secara efektif. Bila mereka diberi makan cokelat maka kandungan teobromin akan tetap berada dalam aliran darah mereka hingga 20 jam, akibatnya hewan-hewan ini mungkin mengalami epilepsi dan kejang-kejang, serangan jantung, pendarahan internal, dan pada akhirnya menyebabkan kematian. Penanggulangannya adalah dengan merangsang hewan-hewan ini agar memuntahkan cokelat dan secepat mungkin membawa mereka ke dokter hewan.
Senin, 23 Maret 2009
Tweety
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Tweety
Created by
Bob ClampettFriz Freleng (final redesign)
Voiced by
Mel Blanc (1942-1989)Jeff Bergman (Tiny Toon Adventures)Bob Bergen (Carrotblanca (1995) - present)Joe Alaskey (The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries (1995) - present)Eric Goldberg (Looney Tunes: Back in Action)Billy West (Museum Scream)Samuel Vincent (Baby Looney Tunes)
Tweety (also known as Tweety Bird and Tweety Pie) is a fictional character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated cartoons. Tweety's popularity, like that of The Tasmanian Devil, actually grew in the years following the dissolution of the Looney Tunes cartoons.[citation needed] The name "Tweety" is a play on words, as it originally meant "Sweetie", along with "tweet" being a typical English onomatopoeia for the sounds of birds. Tweety has appeared in 48 cartoons.
Despite the widespread speculation that Tweety was female, he is and has always been a male character, something that he often has confirmed in The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries. On the other hand, his species is ambiguous; although originally and often portrayed as a young canary, he is also frequently called a rare and valuable "Tweetybird" as a plot device, and once called "The only living specimen". Moreover, the title song suggests that it is a Canary. His shape more closely suggests that of a baby bird, which in fact is what he was during his early appearances. The yellow feathers were added but otherwise he retained the baby-bird shape.
Tweety is, for the most part, a good-natured character happily spending life in his cage or a nest. However, when a cat or other adversary threatens him, he can become downright malicious and devious, even kicking his enemy when he's down. In many of Tweety's appearances the bird is shown accompanying his owner, Granny.
Creation
Bob Clampett created the character that would become Tweety Bird in the 1942 short A Tale of Two Kitties, pitting him against two hungry cats named Babbit and Catstello (based on the famous comedians Abbott and Costello). On the original model sheet, Tweety was named Orson (which was also the name of a bird character from an earlier Clampett cartoon Wacky Blackouts).
Tweety was originally not a domestic canary, but simply a generic (and wild) baby bird in an outdoors nest - naked (pink), jowly, and also far more aggressive and saucy, as opposed to the later, more well-known version of him as a less hot-tempered (but still somewhat ornery) yellow canary. In the documentary Bugs Bunny: Superstar, animator Clampett stated, in a sotto voce "aside" to the audience, that Tweety had been based "on my own naked baby picture". Clampett did two more shorts with the "naked genius", as a Jimmy Durante-ish cat once called him in A Gruesome Twosome. The second Tweety short, Birdy and the Beast, finally bestowed the baby bird with his name.
Many of Mel Blanc's characters are known for speech impediments. One of Tweety's most noticeable is that /s/, /k/, and /g/ are changed to /t/, /d/, or (final s) /θ/; for example, "pussy cat" comes out as "putty tat", later rendered "puddy tat", and "sweetie pie" comes out as "tweetie pie", hence his name. He also has trouble with liquid sounds; as with Elmer Fudd, /l/ and /r/ tend to come out as /w/. In Putty Tat Trouble, he begins the cartoon singing a song about himself, "I'm a tweet wittow biwd in a diwded cage; Tweety'th my name but I don't know my age..." (Translation: "I'm a sweet little bird in a gilded cage...") Aside from this speech challenge, Tweety's voice (and a fair amount of his attitude) is similar to that of Bugs Bunny, rendered as a child (in The Old Grey Hare, Bugs infant voice was very similar to Tweety's normal voice), which was achieved by speeding up Mel Blanc's voice recordings of Tweety.
Another noticeable thing about Tweety is his occasional and rare habit of transforming into a Hyde version of himself, by accidentally consuming Hyde Formula. This was first seen in Hyde and Go Tweet, and happened again in the "London Broiled" episode of The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries. Since then, this habit was also used in certain idents of the UK Boomerang channel.
Freleng takes over
Clampett began work on a short that would pit Tweety against a then-unnamed, lisping black and white cat created by Friz Freleng in 1945. However, Clampett left the studio before going into full production on the short, and Freleng took on the project. Freleng toned Tweety down and cutsied him up, giving him large blue eyes and yellow feathers. Clampett mentions in Bugs Bunny Superstar that the feathers were added to satisfy censors who objected to the naked bird. The first short to team Tweety and the cat, later named Sylvester, was 1947's Tweetie Pie, which won Warner Bros. its first Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons).
The pairing of Sylvester and Tweety was one of the most notable pairings in animation history. Most of their cartoons followed a standard formula:
The hungry "puddy tat" wanting to eat the bird, some major obstacle stands in his way – usually Granny or her bulldog Hector (or occasionally, numerous bulldogs, or another cat who wants to eat Tweety.)
Tweety says his signature lines ("I tawt I taw a puddy tat!" and "I did, I did taw a puddy tat!").
Sylvester spending the entire film using progressively more elaborate schemes or devices to capture his meal. Of course, each of his tricks fail, either due to their flaws or, more often than not, because Tweety steers the enemy cat towards Hector the Bulldog, an indignant Granny (voiced by Bea Benaderet and later June Foray), or other device (such as off the ledge of a tall building or steering him into an oncoming train).
In 1951, Mel Blanc (with Billy May's orchestra) had a hit single with "I Tawt I Taw A Puddy Tat," a song performed in character by Tweety and featuring Sylvester. In the lyrics Sylvester sings "I'd like to get that Sweetie Pie when he leaves has cage" implying that Tweetie's name is actually Sweetie Pie, altered in its pronunciation by Tweetie's lisp. Sylvester, which his own speech issues, slobbers the "S" in "Sweetie Pie", just as he would the S sounds in his own name.
Later appearances
Tweety has a small part in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, "accidentally" causing Eddie Valiant (Bob Hoskins) to fall from a pole by playing "This Little Piddy" with Valiant's fingers and loosening his grip. The scene is essentially a re-creation of a gag from A Tale of Two Kitties, with Valiant replacing Catstello as Tweety's victim.
During the 1990s, Tweety also starred in an animated TV series called The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, in which Granny ran a detective agency with the assistance of Tweety, Sylvester and Hector. Tweety has the starring role and carries the story in the 2000 direct-to-video feature length animated film "Tweety's High-Flying Adventure". In 2002, a younger version of him premiered on Baby Looney Tunes, thus coming full circle from his earliest appearances.
Tweety appeared in an early 1980s public service announcement, warning parents of the dangers of boiling temperature bath water.
Tweety appeared in several television specials and feature-film compilations, along with Sylvester, in the 1970s and 1980s.
In the TV series Tiny Toon Adventures, Tweety appeared rarely as the mentor of Sweetie Pie.
In the 1995 cartoon short Carrotblanca, a parody/homage to Casablanca, Tweety appeared as "Usmarte", a parody of the character Ugarte played by Peter Lorre in the original film. In several sequences, Tweety was speaking and laughing in character like Peter Lorre. This is also notable for being a rare instance where Tweety is playing a villain character.
In the game Taz: Wanted, he assists Taz in destroying wanted posters and gives him hints throughout the game. In the game, he refers to Taz as "Puddy-Taz" and expresses a dislike for him, thinking that he shouldn't be working with amateurs. At the end of the game, Tweety reveals himself to be the mastermind behind Yosemite Sam's evil plan, and fights Taz using a large robot, but is defeated.
In the television show, Loonatics Unleashed, Tweety's descendant, known as The Royal Tweetums, rules the planet Blanc in the care of its present ruler, Queen Grannicus (Granny's descendant). Grannicus didn't want to turn her monarchy over to him, so she hired Sylth Vester, Sylvester's descendant, to eliminate him. But with the help of the Loonatics, Tweetums defeated Grannicus and Sylth Vester.
Tweety appears as part of the TuneSquad team in Space Jam. There, he gets picked on and bullied by the Monstars due to his small size, until he retaliates by using Ken po moves on them. He also appears in Looney Tunes: Back in Action, although this "Tweety" is really Taz the Tazmanian Devil in disguise.
Modern art
British artist Banksy's 2008 New York art installation The Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill features "Tweety", an animatronic sculpture of an aged and molting version of the character.[1]
Comic books
Western Publications produced a comic book about Tweety and Sylvester entitled Tweety and Sylvester first in Dell Comics Four Color series #406, 489, and 524, then in their own title from Dell Comics (#4-37, 1954-62), then later from Gold Key Comics (#1-102, 1963-72).
Tweety's Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies filmography
A Tale of Two Kitties (1942)
Birdy and the Beast (1944)
A Gruesome Twosome (1945)
Tweetie Pie (1947)
I Taw a Putty Tat (1948)
Bad Ol' Putty Tat (1949)
Home Tweet Home (1950)
All Abir-r-r-d! (1950)
Canary Row (1950)
Putty Tat Trouble (1951)
Room and Bird (1951)
Tweety's S.O.S. (1951)
Tweet Tweet Tweety (1951)
Gift Wrapped (1952)
Ain't She Tweet (1952)
Bird in a Guilty Cage (1952)
Snow Business (1953)
Fowl Weather (1953)
Tom Tom Tomcat (1953)
A Street Cat Named Sylvester (1953)
Catty Cornered (1953)
Dog Pounded (1954)
No Barking (1954) - in a cameo appearance
Muzzle Tough (1954)
Satan's Waitin' (1954)
Sandy Claws (1955)
Tweety's Circus (1955)
Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955)
Heir Conditioned (1955) - in a cameo appearance
Tweet and Sour (1956)
Tree Cornered Tweety (1956)
Tugboat Granny (1956)
Tweet Zoo (1957)
Tweety and the Beanstalk (1957)
Birds Anonymous (1957)
Greedy For Tweety (1957)
A Pizza Tweety Pie (1958)
A Bird in a Bonnet (1958)
Trick or Tweet (1959)
Tweet and Lovely (1959)
Tweet Dreams (1959)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Trip For Tat (1960)
Rebel Without Claws (1961)
The Last Hungry Cat (1961, spoof of Alfred Hitchcock Presents)
The Jet Cage (1962)
Hawaiian Aye Aye (1964)
Carrotblanca (1995)
Museum Scream (2004)
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Tweety
Created by
Bob ClampettFriz Freleng (final redesign)
Voiced by
Mel Blanc (1942-1989)Jeff Bergman (Tiny Toon Adventures)Bob Bergen (Carrotblanca (1995) - present)Joe Alaskey (The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries (1995) - present)Eric Goldberg (Looney Tunes: Back in Action)Billy West (Museum Scream)Samuel Vincent (Baby Looney Tunes)
Tweety (also known as Tweety Bird and Tweety Pie) is a fictional character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated cartoons. Tweety's popularity, like that of The Tasmanian Devil, actually grew in the years following the dissolution of the Looney Tunes cartoons.[citation needed] The name "Tweety" is a play on words, as it originally meant "Sweetie", along with "tweet" being a typical English onomatopoeia for the sounds of birds. Tweety has appeared in 48 cartoons.
Despite the widespread speculation that Tweety was female, he is and has always been a male character, something that he often has confirmed in The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries. On the other hand, his species is ambiguous; although originally and often portrayed as a young canary, he is also frequently called a rare and valuable "Tweetybird" as a plot device, and once called "The only living specimen". Moreover, the title song suggests that it is a Canary. His shape more closely suggests that of a baby bird, which in fact is what he was during his early appearances. The yellow feathers were added but otherwise he retained the baby-bird shape.
Tweety is, for the most part, a good-natured character happily spending life in his cage or a nest. However, when a cat or other adversary threatens him, he can become downright malicious and devious, even kicking his enemy when he's down. In many of Tweety's appearances the bird is shown accompanying his owner, Granny.
Creation
Bob Clampett created the character that would become Tweety Bird in the 1942 short A Tale of Two Kitties, pitting him against two hungry cats named Babbit and Catstello (based on the famous comedians Abbott and Costello). On the original model sheet, Tweety was named Orson (which was also the name of a bird character from an earlier Clampett cartoon Wacky Blackouts).
Tweety was originally not a domestic canary, but simply a generic (and wild) baby bird in an outdoors nest - naked (pink), jowly, and also far more aggressive and saucy, as opposed to the later, more well-known version of him as a less hot-tempered (but still somewhat ornery) yellow canary. In the documentary Bugs Bunny: Superstar, animator Clampett stated, in a sotto voce "aside" to the audience, that Tweety had been based "on my own naked baby picture". Clampett did two more shorts with the "naked genius", as a Jimmy Durante-ish cat once called him in A Gruesome Twosome. The second Tweety short, Birdy and the Beast, finally bestowed the baby bird with his name.
Many of Mel Blanc's characters are known for speech impediments. One of Tweety's most noticeable is that /s/, /k/, and /g/ are changed to /t/, /d/, or (final s) /θ/; for example, "pussy cat" comes out as "putty tat", later rendered "puddy tat", and "sweetie pie" comes out as "tweetie pie", hence his name. He also has trouble with liquid sounds; as with Elmer Fudd, /l/ and /r/ tend to come out as /w/. In Putty Tat Trouble, he begins the cartoon singing a song about himself, "I'm a tweet wittow biwd in a diwded cage; Tweety'th my name but I don't know my age..." (Translation: "I'm a sweet little bird in a gilded cage...") Aside from this speech challenge, Tweety's voice (and a fair amount of his attitude) is similar to that of Bugs Bunny, rendered as a child (in The Old Grey Hare, Bugs infant voice was very similar to Tweety's normal voice), which was achieved by speeding up Mel Blanc's voice recordings of Tweety.
Another noticeable thing about Tweety is his occasional and rare habit of transforming into a Hyde version of himself, by accidentally consuming Hyde Formula. This was first seen in Hyde and Go Tweet, and happened again in the "London Broiled" episode of The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries. Since then, this habit was also used in certain idents of the UK Boomerang channel.
Freleng takes over
Clampett began work on a short that would pit Tweety against a then-unnamed, lisping black and white cat created by Friz Freleng in 1945. However, Clampett left the studio before going into full production on the short, and Freleng took on the project. Freleng toned Tweety down and cutsied him up, giving him large blue eyes and yellow feathers. Clampett mentions in Bugs Bunny Superstar that the feathers were added to satisfy censors who objected to the naked bird. The first short to team Tweety and the cat, later named Sylvester, was 1947's Tweetie Pie, which won Warner Bros. its first Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons).
The pairing of Sylvester and Tweety was one of the most notable pairings in animation history. Most of their cartoons followed a standard formula:
The hungry "puddy tat" wanting to eat the bird, some major obstacle stands in his way – usually Granny or her bulldog Hector (or occasionally, numerous bulldogs, or another cat who wants to eat Tweety.)
Tweety says his signature lines ("I tawt I taw a puddy tat!" and "I did, I did taw a puddy tat!").
Sylvester spending the entire film using progressively more elaborate schemes or devices to capture his meal. Of course, each of his tricks fail, either due to their flaws or, more often than not, because Tweety steers the enemy cat towards Hector the Bulldog, an indignant Granny (voiced by Bea Benaderet and later June Foray), or other device (such as off the ledge of a tall building or steering him into an oncoming train).
In 1951, Mel Blanc (with Billy May's orchestra) had a hit single with "I Tawt I Taw A Puddy Tat," a song performed in character by Tweety and featuring Sylvester. In the lyrics Sylvester sings "I'd like to get that Sweetie Pie when he leaves has cage" implying that Tweetie's name is actually Sweetie Pie, altered in its pronunciation by Tweetie's lisp. Sylvester, which his own speech issues, slobbers the "S" in "Sweetie Pie", just as he would the S sounds in his own name.
Later appearances
Tweety has a small part in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, "accidentally" causing Eddie Valiant (Bob Hoskins) to fall from a pole by playing "This Little Piddy" with Valiant's fingers and loosening his grip. The scene is essentially a re-creation of a gag from A Tale of Two Kitties, with Valiant replacing Catstello as Tweety's victim.
During the 1990s, Tweety also starred in an animated TV series called The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, in which Granny ran a detective agency with the assistance of Tweety, Sylvester and Hector. Tweety has the starring role and carries the story in the 2000 direct-to-video feature length animated film "Tweety's High-Flying Adventure". In 2002, a younger version of him premiered on Baby Looney Tunes, thus coming full circle from his earliest appearances.
Tweety appeared in an early 1980s public service announcement, warning parents of the dangers of boiling temperature bath water.
Tweety appeared in several television specials and feature-film compilations, along with Sylvester, in the 1970s and 1980s.
In the TV series Tiny Toon Adventures, Tweety appeared rarely as the mentor of Sweetie Pie.
In the 1995 cartoon short Carrotblanca, a parody/homage to Casablanca, Tweety appeared as "Usmarte", a parody of the character Ugarte played by Peter Lorre in the original film. In several sequences, Tweety was speaking and laughing in character like Peter Lorre. This is also notable for being a rare instance where Tweety is playing a villain character.
In the game Taz: Wanted, he assists Taz in destroying wanted posters and gives him hints throughout the game. In the game, he refers to Taz as "Puddy-Taz" and expresses a dislike for him, thinking that he shouldn't be working with amateurs. At the end of the game, Tweety reveals himself to be the mastermind behind Yosemite Sam's evil plan, and fights Taz using a large robot, but is defeated.
In the television show, Loonatics Unleashed, Tweety's descendant, known as The Royal Tweetums, rules the planet Blanc in the care of its present ruler, Queen Grannicus (Granny's descendant). Grannicus didn't want to turn her monarchy over to him, so she hired Sylth Vester, Sylvester's descendant, to eliminate him. But with the help of the Loonatics, Tweetums defeated Grannicus and Sylth Vester.
Tweety appears as part of the TuneSquad team in Space Jam. There, he gets picked on and bullied by the Monstars due to his small size, until he retaliates by using Ken po moves on them. He also appears in Looney Tunes: Back in Action, although this "Tweety" is really Taz the Tazmanian Devil in disguise.
Modern art
British artist Banksy's 2008 New York art installation The Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill features "Tweety", an animatronic sculpture of an aged and molting version of the character.[1]
Comic books
Western Publications produced a comic book about Tweety and Sylvester entitled Tweety and Sylvester first in Dell Comics Four Color series #406, 489, and 524, then in their own title from Dell Comics (#4-37, 1954-62), then later from Gold Key Comics (#1-102, 1963-72).
Tweety's Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies filmography
A Tale of Two Kitties (1942)
Birdy and the Beast (1944)
A Gruesome Twosome (1945)
Tweetie Pie (1947)
I Taw a Putty Tat (1948)
Bad Ol' Putty Tat (1949)
Home Tweet Home (1950)
All Abir-r-r-d! (1950)
Canary Row (1950)
Putty Tat Trouble (1951)
Room and Bird (1951)
Tweety's S.O.S. (1951)
Tweet Tweet Tweety (1951)
Gift Wrapped (1952)
Ain't She Tweet (1952)
Bird in a Guilty Cage (1952)
Snow Business (1953)
Fowl Weather (1953)
Tom Tom Tomcat (1953)
A Street Cat Named Sylvester (1953)
Catty Cornered (1953)
Dog Pounded (1954)
No Barking (1954) - in a cameo appearance
Muzzle Tough (1954)
Satan's Waitin' (1954)
Sandy Claws (1955)
Tweety's Circus (1955)
Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955)
Heir Conditioned (1955) - in a cameo appearance
Tweet and Sour (1956)
Tree Cornered Tweety (1956)
Tugboat Granny (1956)
Tweet Zoo (1957)
Tweety and the Beanstalk (1957)
Birds Anonymous (1957)
Greedy For Tweety (1957)
A Pizza Tweety Pie (1958)
A Bird in a Bonnet (1958)
Trick or Tweet (1959)
Tweet and Lovely (1959)
Tweet Dreams (1959)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Trip For Tat (1960)
Rebel Without Claws (1961)
The Last Hungry Cat (1961, spoof of Alfred Hitchcock Presents)
The Jet Cage (1962)
Hawaiian Aye Aye (1964)
Carrotblanca (1995)
Museum Scream (2004)
Sabtu, 21 Maret 2009
Cinderella
Cinderella (French: Cendrillon, German: Aschenputtel, Spanish: Cenicienta, Italian: Cenerentola), is a well-known classic folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world.[1] The title character[2] is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances which suddenly change to remarkable fortune. The word "cinderella" has, by analogy, come to mean one whose attributes are unrecognised, or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect. The still-popular story of Cinderella continues to influence popular culture internationally, lending plot elements, allusions, and tropes to a wide variety of media.
Origins and history
The Cinderella theme may have well originated in classical antiquity: The Greek historian Strabo (Geographica Book 17, 1.33) recorded in the 1st century BC the tale of the Greco-Egyptian girl Rhodopis, which is considered the oldest known version of the story.[3][4] Rhodopis (the "rosy-cheeked") washes her clothes in an Ormoc stream, a task forced upon her by fellow servants, who have left to go to a function sponsored by the Pharaoh Amasis. An eagle takes her rose-gilded sandal and drops it at the feet of the Pharaoh in the city of Memphis; he then asks the women of his kingdom to try on the sandal to see which one fits. Rhodopis succeeds. The Pharaoh falls in love with her, and she marries him. The story later reappears with Aelian (ca. 175–ca. 235),[5] showing that the Cinderella theme remained popular throughout antiquity. Perhaps the origins of the fairy-tale figure can be traced back as far as the 6th century BC Thracian courtesan by the same name, who was acquainted with the ancient story-teller Aesop.[6]
Another version of the story, Ye Xian, appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Tuan Ch'eng-Shih around A.D. 860. Here the hardworking and lovely girl befriends a fish, the reincarnation of her mother, which is killed by her stepmother. Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic, and they help her dress appropriately for a festival. When she loses her slipper after a fast exit, the king finds her and falls in love with her.
Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, including "The Second Shaykh's Story", "The Eldest Lady's Tale" and "Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders. In some of these, the siblings are female, while in others they are male. One of the tales, "Judar and His Brethren", departs from the happy endings of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a tragic ending instead, with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers.[7]
There is also Anne de Fernandez, a tale of the medieval Philippines. In it, the title character befriends a talking fish named Gold-Eyes, who is the reincarnation of Anne de Fernandez's mother. Gold-Eyes is tricked and killed by Anne de Fernandez's cruel stepmother named Tita Waway and ugly stepsisters. They eat Gold-Eyes for supper after sending Anne de Fernandez on an errand across the forest, then show Anne Gold-Eyes' bones when she returns. The stepmother wants her natural daughters to marry the kind and handsome Prince of Talamban, who falls in love with Anne de Fernandez instead. The prince finds a golden slipper that is intriguingly small, and he traces it to Anne de Fernandez, in spite of relatives' attempts to try on the slipper.[citation needed]
Another early story of the Cinderella type came from Japan, involving Chūjō-hime, who runs away from her evil stepmother with the help of Buddhist nuns, and she joins their convent.
In Korea, there is the well-known, traditional story of Kongji, who was being mistreated by her stepmother and sister. She goes to a feast prepared by the town's "mayor", and meets his son. The story is followed by similar events as the western Cinderella.
Oliver Herford illustrated the fairy godmother inspired from the Perrault version
This sculpture illustrates the Grimm version of Cinderella with the birds
The earliest European tale is "La Gatta Cenerentola" or "The Hearth Cat" which appears in the book "Il Pentamerone" by the Italian fairy-tale collector Giambattista Basile in 1635. This version formed the basis of later versions published by the French author Charles Perrault and the German Brothers Grimm. (Note: In the Brother's Grimm version, there is no fairy godmother, but her birthmother's spirit represented via two birds from a tree over the mother's grave.)
One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written by Charles Perrault in 1697. The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story including the pumpkin, the fairy-godmother and the introduction of glass slippers. It was widely believed that in Perrault's version, Cinderella wore fur boots ("pantoufle en vair"), and that when the story was translated into English, vair was mistaken for verre (glass), resulting in glass slippers and that the story has remained this way ever since.[8] However, the "fur theory" has since been disproven.[9]
Another well-known version was recorded by the Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century. The tale is called "Aschenputtel" and the help comes not from a fairy-godmother but the wishing tree that grows on her mother's grave. In this version, the stepsisters try to trick the prince by cutting off parts of their feet in order to get the slipper to fit. The prince is alerted by two pigeons who peck out the stepsisters' eyes, thus sealing their fate as blind beggars for the rest of their lives.
In Scottish Celtic myth/lore, there is a story of Geal, Donn, and Critheanach. The Stepsisters' Celtic equivalents are Geal and Donn, and Cinderella is Critheanach.
Plot (taken from Perrault)
(See above for many variations)
Once there was a widower who for his second wife, married a proud and haughty woman. She had two daughters, who were equally vain. By his first wife, he had a beautiful young daughter who was a girl of unparalleled goodness and sweet temper. The Stepmother and her daughters forced the first daughter to complete all the housework. When the girl had done her work, she sat in the cinders, which caused her to be called "Cinderella". The poor girl bore it patiently, but she dared not tell her father, who would have scolded her; his wife controlled him entirely.
One day the Prince invited all the young ladies in the land to a ball so he could choose a wife. As the two Stepsisters were invited, they gleefully planned their wardrobes. Although Cinderella assisted them and dreamed of going to the dance, they taunted her by saying a maid could never attend a ball.
As the sisters swept away to the ball, Cinderella cried in despair. Her Fairy Godmother magically appeared and vowed to assist Cinderella in attending the ball. She turned a pumpkin into a coach, mice into horses, a rat into a coachman, and lizards into footmen. She then turned Cinderella's rags into a beautiful gown, complete with a delicate pair of glass slippers. The Godmother told her to enjoy the ball, but return before midnight for the spells would be broken.
At the ball, the entire court was entranced by Cinderella, especially the Prince, who never left her side. Unrecognized by her sisters, Cinderella remembered to leave before midnight. Back home, Cinderella graciously thanked her Godmother. She then greeted the Stepsisters who enthusiastically talked of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball.
When another ball was held the next evening, Cinderella again attended with her Godmother's help. The Prince became even more entranced. However, this evening she lost track of time and left only at the final stroke of midnight, losing one of her glass slippers on the steps of the palace in her haste. The Prince chased her, but outside the palace, the guards had seen only a simple country wench leave. The Prince pocketed the slipper and vowed to find and marry the girl to whom it belonged. Meanwhile, Cinderella kept the other slipper, which had not disappeared when the spell had broken.
The Prince tried the slipper on all the young women in the land. When the Prince arrived at Cinderella's villa, the Stepsisters tried in vain. When Cinderella asked if she might try, the Stepsisters taunted her. Naturally, the slipper fit perfectly, and Cinderella produced the other slipper for good measure. The Stepsisters begged for forgiveness, and Cinderella forgave them for their cruelties.
Cinderella returned to the palace where she married the Prince, and the Stepsisters also married two lords.
Moral: Beauty is a treasure, but graciousness is priceless. Without it nothing is possible; with it, one can do anything.[10]
Cinderella is classified as Aarne-Thompson type 510A, the persecuted heroine. Others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep, The Golden Slipper, The Story of Tam and Cam, Rushen Coatie, Fair, Brown and Trembling and Katie Woodencloak.[11]
Adaptations
The story of "Cinderella" has formed the basis of many notable works:
Opera
Cendrillon (1749) by Jean-Louis Laruette
Cendrillon (1810) by Nicolas Isouard, libretto by Charles-Guillaume Étienne
La Cenerentola (1817) by Gioachino Rossini
Cendrillon (1894-5) by Jules Massenet, libretto by Henri Cain
Cinderella (1901-2) by Gustav Holst
Cendrillon (1904) by Pauline García-Viardot
Aschenbrödel (1905) by Leo Blech, libretto by Richard Batka
La Cenicienta (1966) by Jorge Peña Hen
Cinderella, a "pantomime opera" (1979) by Peter Maxwell Davies
Cendrillon, children's opera (1994) by Vladimir Kojoukharov
Ballet
Cinderella (1893) by Baron Boris Vietinghoff-Scheel
Aschenbrödel (1901) by Johann Strauss II, adapted and completed by Josef Bayer
Das Märchen vom Aschenbrödel (1941) by Frank Martin
Soluschka or Cinderella (1945) by Sergei Prokofiev
Cinderella (1980) by Paul Reade
Cinderella (2008) by Tim A. Duncan and Edward Barnwell
Pantomime
Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre, London in 1904 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1905. Phyllis Dare, aged 14 or 15, starred in the latter.
In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene is set in a forest with a hunt in sway and it is here that Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his "right-hand man" Dandini, whose name and character come from Gioachino Rossini opera (La Cenerentola). Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini.
Her father, Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters, the Ugly sisters, and has a servant named Buttons, who is Cinderella's friend. Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by the Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent. The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice), a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight, as it is then that the spell ceases.
Musical Opera
Cinderella: The Musical by Landon Parks (Book & Lyrics) and Ioannis Kourtis (music) is an English language musical stage show written in 2009, and based on the opera Cendrillon by Jules Massenett.
Musical Comedy
Cinderella by Rodgers and Hammerstein was produced for television three times:
Cinderella (1957) features Julie Andrews, Jon Cypher, Kaye Ballard, Alice Ghostley and Edie Adams (broadcast in color, but only black-and-white kinescopes exist today).
Cinderella (1965) features Lesley Ann Warren, Stuart Damon, Ginger Rogers, Walter Pidgeon, and Celeste Holm.
Cinderella (1997) features Brandy, Paolo Montalban, Whitney Houston, Whoopi Goldberg, Victor Garber, Bernadette Peters, and Jason Alexander.
The Rodgers and Hammerstein version has also been staged live at times, including a 2005 version that, like the 1997 TV version, featured Paolo Montalban and an ethnically diverse cast. Broadway Asia Entertainment produced a staged International Tour starring Tony Award winner Lea Salonga and Australian actor Peter Saide in 2008.
Mr. Cinders, a musical which opened at the Adelphi Theatre, London in 1929. Filmed in 1934
Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim (1988), in which Cinderella is one of many fairy tale characters who take part in the plot. This is partly based on the Grimm Brothers version of "Cinderella," including the enchanted birds, mother's grave, three balls, and mutilation and blinding of the stepsisters.
The Return of The Glass Slipper by Mary Donelly
Cinderella by Kate Hawley is written in the style of British Pantos.
Cindy, a 1964 Off-Broadway musical composed by Johnny Brandon
Золушka (or Zolushka), a 2002 made-for-TV Russian pop musical
Cinderella (2007), a pantomime written by Stephen Fry for the Old Vic Theatre
Cinderella Sillyious Musical(2008/09), a musical comedy produced by Ross Petty for theElgin Theatre Toronto
Films
Over the decades, hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story. Almost every year at least one, but often several such films are produced and released, resulting in Cinderella becoming a work of literature with one of the largest numbers of film adaptations ascribed to it. It is perhaps rivalled only by the sheer number of films that have been adapted from or based on Bram Stoker's novel Dracula.[citation needed]
Cinderella, the 1899 first ever film version produced in France by Georges Méliès.
Cinderella, 1911 silent film starring Florence La Badie
Cinderella (1914 film), 1914 silent film starring Mary Pickford
Cinderella, an animated Laugh-O-Gram produced by Walt Disney, first released on December 6, 1922. This film was about 7 minutes long.
Poor Cinderella, a 1934 Fleischer Studios animated short starring Betty Boop
Cinderella Meets Fella, a 1938 Merrie Melodies animated short
Cinderella (1947 film) (Зо́лушка), a 1947 Russian musical film by Lenfilm studios, starring Erast Garin and Faina Ranevskaya
Cinderella (1950 film), an animated feature released on February 15, 1950, now considered one of Disney's classics. This film is the most popular version of the Cinderella story, with most people re-telling the Disney version as opposed to the original.[citation needed] A direct-to-video sequel, Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, was released in 2002. A second direct-to-video sequel Cinderella III: A Twist in Time was released in 2007.
The Glass Slipper (1955) with Leslie Caron and Michael Wilding
Cinderfella, 1960, notable in that the main character is a man, played by Jerry Lewis
Popelka (Cinderella, 1969) Czech musical film
Hey Cinderella, a 60-minute film produced by the Jim Henson Company in 1970. This comedy version features Jim Henson's trademark Muppets (including a small role by Kermit the Frog).
Tři oříšky pro Popelku / Drei Haselnüsse für Aschenbrödel (Three Nuts for Cinderella; known in the UK as Three Gifts for Cinderella), a Czech-German movie released in 1973
The Slipper and the Rose, a 1976 British musical film starring Gemma Craven and Richard Chamberlain.
Cinderella, a 1977 American erotic musical comedy starring Cheryl "Rainbeaux" Smith, Brett Smiley and Sy Richardson, directed by Michael Pataki
Cindy (1978), made for television
The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin, (1981) an Oscar-nominated animated short from the National Film Board of Canada[12]
Hello Kitty's Cinderella (1989), an anime short film starring Hello Kitty, was released in Japan. It was released in the U.S. as part of the Hello Kitty and Friends anime series.
Ashpet: An American Cinderella, a 1990 Southern "Appalachia" version of the story, adapted from the Brothers Grimm, starring Louise Anderson and directed by Tom Davenport.
If The Shoe Fits (1990 film), modern take on the Cinderella story set in France starring Rob Lowe and Jennifer Grey
Cinderella, produced by Jetlag Productions and distributed by GoodTimes Entertainment, premiered on video in 1994.
Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella (1997) starring Brandy and Whitney Houston
Ever After (1998), starring Drew Barrymore
Cinderella (2000), a British production set in mid-20th century and starring Kathleen Turner
A Cinderella Story (2004), a modernization featuring Hilary Duff and Chad Michael Murray
Cinderelmo, a Cinderella story featuring Sesame Street's Elmo and Keri Russell
Ella Enchanted (film)
Happily N'Ever After
Year of the Fish
In Heart Day, a new film, a Prince rescues a version of Cinderella named Princess Roola.
A segment of the 2005 Turkish anthology film Istanbul Tales made up of five stories based on popular fairy tales is based on this tale in which Cinderella is a prostitute.
Another Cinderella Story (2008) starring Selena Gomez and Drew Seeley
Television
The Electric Company regularly featured Cinderella-based skits starring Cassidy Spring as Cinderella, Rita Moreno as the wicked stepmother, Hattie Winston as the fairy godmother, and two of the girls from The Short Circus as the stepsisters.
Sesame Street had three News Flash segments about Cinderella; one at the ball with the glass slipper, one featuring the stepsisters trying to fit the glass slipper, and the third in which the fairy godmother tries to make a dress for Cinderella but the dress ends up on Kermit instead.
Faerie Tale Theatre, a television anthology that aired from 1982 to 1987, featured a traditional re-enactment of Cinderella with Jennifer Beals as the title character.
Floricienta in Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico, as well as Floribella in Portugal, Brazil, and Chile, are telenovels based on the Cinderella story.
Lola...Érase una vez in Mexico, is a soap opera for teenagers based on Cinderella and Floricienta.
Sinetron Cinderella is a Korean drama based on the story.
Scroogerello, an episode of DuckTales
Cinderella Monogatari (シンデレラ物語 ,Shinderera Monogatari?), a 26 episode TV anime made by Tatsunoko Production in 1996
Nippon Animation's 1987-1989 TV series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics, which included Cinderella. The plot was loosely based on the Grimm version, although sanitized most of the gorey parts.
Garfield and Friends featured the story in a U.S. Acres segment titled "Bedtime Story Blues". Orson tries to read the story to Booker and Sheldon, but they continually request various unneeded changes to the story, much to Orson's frustration, such as the characters' genders being switched around, Cinderella (played by Orson) working at a pet shop, the now-male stepsisters (Orson's brothers) being ninjas, and the fairy godmother being replaced by "the richest guy in the world" (Wade).
For a special pantomime episode of Coronation Street, Frankie Baldwin played Cinderella, Danny Baldwin was the prince, the evil stepfather was Jack Duckworth, the stepsisters were Roy Cropper and Norris Cole, and the fairy godmother was Bev Unwin with Fred Elliot as the godfather.
The 1980s sitcom The Charmings features an episode where Cinderella visits the Charmings and tries to steal Snow White's prince.
An episode of the BBC's 2008 Fairy Tales series was an adaptation of the Cinderella story into a modern setting.
Tsunderella, an OVA of Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru.
Jim Henson's The Storyteller also has a story Sapsorrow which has elements of Cinderella** (see mentions below)
In an episode of Sabrina, The Teenage Witch Sabrina has to go to witch camp. While at the dance with Harvey she had to leave and her boot came off and towards the end of the episode Harvey comes to her house and puts it on her foot like in Cinderella. In another Sabrina episode, "You Slay Me," "Cinderella" actually appears after Sabrina attends a bridal fair and wants a princess wedding. Sabrina contacts Cinderella for help.
In an episode of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide Cookie has an alter ego as a girl and Loomer falls in love and Cookie as his alter ego runs. Cookie's shoe comes off and Loomer has it and Loomer misses Cookie's alter ego and then Cookie takes the shoe back saying it's her mom's.when she was younger her favorite movie was troll 2
Books
Bound by Donna Jo Napoli
Chinese Cinderella by Adeline Yen Mah
Cinderalla by Junko Mizuno
Cindera Edna by Ellen Jackson, Kevin O'Malley Cinder Edna is Cinderella's next-door neighbor who also has wicked stepsisters and a stepmother, but she cleans birdcages and mows the lawns for neighbors in her spare time. She marries the prince's younger brother who runs an orphanage for kittens, and lives much more "happily ever after" than Cinderella.
Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister by Gregory Maguire
Ella Enchanted by Gail Carson Levine Ella was put under a spell at birth that forces her to obey any order given to her. An unusual twist as it features the ball only in the last few chapters, dealing more with Ella's struggle against the curse and because the prince (Charmont) knows Ella before the ball but does not recognize her as she is in disguise.
Cinderellis and the Glass Hill by Gail Carson Levine
I was a Rat! or The Scarlet Slippers by Philip Pullman
Bella at Midnight by Diane Stanley
Just Ella by Margaret Peterson Haddix
Ludwig Revolution by Kaori Yuki. In this version, Cinderella's feet are too large and the series' protagonist lends her his shoe for the evening, acting as her Fairy Godmother. Also, the Prince doesn't hold the ball to find his wife, but to find the woman with large feet who killed his pet lizard, Isolde.
Nine Coaches Waiting by Mary Stewart
Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by James Garner. In this version, Cinderella is dressed in a gown "woven of silk which was stolen from unsuspecting silkworms" and has all the men fighting to death over her. This enables the women to take over the government and pass the law that women should only wear comfortable clothes.
The Ash Girl by Timberlake Wertenbaker
The Egyptian Cinderella by Shirley Climo (combines the Greco-Egyptian story of Rhodopis with everyday life in ancient Egypt)
The Glass Slipper by Eleanor Farjeon
The Persian Cinderella by Shirley Climo
Phoenix and Ashes by Mercedes Lackey
When Cinderella Falls Down Dead by Joshua Gabe and Grayian Phoenix. In this version, Cinderella is reembodied into the 21st Century in the body of a young girl.
Witches Abroad by Terry Pratchett
The Midnight Dancers by Regina Doman makes references to the fairy tale
Her Feet Chime by Rumki Chowdhury. In this Bangladeshi version, Asha's evil aunt and cousin turn her into a servant, renaming her Thamsha, and breaking all family relations with her. Asha's servant friends help her wear a ginger garment and meet her Nawabzada, Bengali Prince, at a palace gathering.
Comics
Cinderella appears as a character in Bill Willingham's Vertigo series, Fables. Cinderella (or "Cindy," as her fellow Fables call her) is the third and final of Prince Charming's ex-wives and is Fabletown's resident super spy. Her cover is the ownership of her own shoe store, the Glass Slipper, and she maintains a bitter persona in order to throw off the suspicions of the rest of her community.
[edit] Cinderella Jumprope Song
There is a jumprope song for children that involves Cinderella:
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow, made a mistake she kissed a snake, how many doctors will it take? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in blue, went upstairs to tie her shoe, made a mistake and tied a knot, how many knots will she make? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in green, went downtown to buy a ring, made a mistake and bought a fake, how many days before it breaks? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in lace, went upstairs to fix her face, oh no oh no, she found a blemish, how many powder puffs till she's finished? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in silk, went outside to get some milk, made a mistake and fell in the lake, how many more till she gets a break? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in purple, went upstairs to kiss Steve Urkel made a mistake and kissed a stake, how many doctors will it take? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in black went to McDonalds to get a big mac how many big macs did she get? 1, 2, 3, etc.
The counting continues as long as the jumper avoids missing a jump. If they do then the counting starts again.
Variations:
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went downtown to meet her fellow (or "to buy some mustard"). On the way, her girdle busted. Cinderella was disgusted.(Heard in Jackson Heights, Queens, late 1950s)
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow. how many kisses did she give him?(Heard in Northern Ireland)
Cinderella dressed in yella, went downstairs to kiss a fella. Made a mistake and kissed a snake, how many stitches did it take?"
Songs
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (March 2008)
Some popular songs that make reference to the story of Cinderella include:
A Cinderella Story Mudvayne
Cinderella by Steven Curtis Chapman
Cinderella by Sweetbox
Cinderella by The Cheetah Girls
Cinderella by Vince Gill
Cinderella Blue by Robert Lucas
Cinderella Stay Awhile by Michael Jackson
Cinderfells by Snoop Dogg
Fairy Tale by Sara Bareilles
Half Past Midnight by 1960's Canadian vocal group The Staccatos
Hey Cinderella by Suzy Bogguss, [13]
Mayonaka no Door, by Liu Yifei (first ending of Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z)
One Headlight by The Wallflowers
Stealing Cinderella by Chuck Wicks
There is Music in You by Rodgers & Hammerstein
Umbrella (Remix), originally by Rihanna & Jay-Z but remixed by Chris Brown and retitled "Cinderella"
C\C (Cinderella\Complex) by High-King
A Dustland Fairytale by The Killers in Day & Age
Not Your Cinderella by Catherine Britt
Cinderella 신데렐라 by Seo In-Young A Korean Pop Singer
The Glass Slipper by The Dresden Dolls
Origins and history
The Cinderella theme may have well originated in classical antiquity: The Greek historian Strabo (Geographica Book 17, 1.33) recorded in the 1st century BC the tale of the Greco-Egyptian girl Rhodopis, which is considered the oldest known version of the story.[3][4] Rhodopis (the "rosy-cheeked") washes her clothes in an Ormoc stream, a task forced upon her by fellow servants, who have left to go to a function sponsored by the Pharaoh Amasis. An eagle takes her rose-gilded sandal and drops it at the feet of the Pharaoh in the city of Memphis; he then asks the women of his kingdom to try on the sandal to see which one fits. Rhodopis succeeds. The Pharaoh falls in love with her, and she marries him. The story later reappears with Aelian (ca. 175–ca. 235),[5] showing that the Cinderella theme remained popular throughout antiquity. Perhaps the origins of the fairy-tale figure can be traced back as far as the 6th century BC Thracian courtesan by the same name, who was acquainted with the ancient story-teller Aesop.[6]
Another version of the story, Ye Xian, appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Tuan Ch'eng-Shih around A.D. 860. Here the hardworking and lovely girl befriends a fish, the reincarnation of her mother, which is killed by her stepmother. Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic, and they help her dress appropriately for a festival. When she loses her slipper after a fast exit, the king finds her and falls in love with her.
Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, including "The Second Shaykh's Story", "The Eldest Lady's Tale" and "Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders. In some of these, the siblings are female, while in others they are male. One of the tales, "Judar and His Brethren", departs from the happy endings of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a tragic ending instead, with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers.[7]
There is also Anne de Fernandez, a tale of the medieval Philippines. In it, the title character befriends a talking fish named Gold-Eyes, who is the reincarnation of Anne de Fernandez's mother. Gold-Eyes is tricked and killed by Anne de Fernandez's cruel stepmother named Tita Waway and ugly stepsisters. They eat Gold-Eyes for supper after sending Anne de Fernandez on an errand across the forest, then show Anne Gold-Eyes' bones when she returns. The stepmother wants her natural daughters to marry the kind and handsome Prince of Talamban, who falls in love with Anne de Fernandez instead. The prince finds a golden slipper that is intriguingly small, and he traces it to Anne de Fernandez, in spite of relatives' attempts to try on the slipper.[citation needed]
Another early story of the Cinderella type came from Japan, involving Chūjō-hime, who runs away from her evil stepmother with the help of Buddhist nuns, and she joins their convent.
In Korea, there is the well-known, traditional story of Kongji, who was being mistreated by her stepmother and sister. She goes to a feast prepared by the town's "mayor", and meets his son. The story is followed by similar events as the western Cinderella.
Oliver Herford illustrated the fairy godmother inspired from the Perrault version
This sculpture illustrates the Grimm version of Cinderella with the birds
The earliest European tale is "La Gatta Cenerentola" or "The Hearth Cat" which appears in the book "Il Pentamerone" by the Italian fairy-tale collector Giambattista Basile in 1635. This version formed the basis of later versions published by the French author Charles Perrault and the German Brothers Grimm. (Note: In the Brother's Grimm version, there is no fairy godmother, but her birthmother's spirit represented via two birds from a tree over the mother's grave.)
One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written by Charles Perrault in 1697. The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story including the pumpkin, the fairy-godmother and the introduction of glass slippers. It was widely believed that in Perrault's version, Cinderella wore fur boots ("pantoufle en vair"), and that when the story was translated into English, vair was mistaken for verre (glass), resulting in glass slippers and that the story has remained this way ever since.[8] However, the "fur theory" has since been disproven.[9]
Another well-known version was recorded by the Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century. The tale is called "Aschenputtel" and the help comes not from a fairy-godmother but the wishing tree that grows on her mother's grave. In this version, the stepsisters try to trick the prince by cutting off parts of their feet in order to get the slipper to fit. The prince is alerted by two pigeons who peck out the stepsisters' eyes, thus sealing their fate as blind beggars for the rest of their lives.
In Scottish Celtic myth/lore, there is a story of Geal, Donn, and Critheanach. The Stepsisters' Celtic equivalents are Geal and Donn, and Cinderella is Critheanach.
Plot (taken from Perrault)
(See above for many variations)
Once there was a widower who for his second wife, married a proud and haughty woman. She had two daughters, who were equally vain. By his first wife, he had a beautiful young daughter who was a girl of unparalleled goodness and sweet temper. The Stepmother and her daughters forced the first daughter to complete all the housework. When the girl had done her work, she sat in the cinders, which caused her to be called "Cinderella". The poor girl bore it patiently, but she dared not tell her father, who would have scolded her; his wife controlled him entirely.
One day the Prince invited all the young ladies in the land to a ball so he could choose a wife. As the two Stepsisters were invited, they gleefully planned their wardrobes. Although Cinderella assisted them and dreamed of going to the dance, they taunted her by saying a maid could never attend a ball.
As the sisters swept away to the ball, Cinderella cried in despair. Her Fairy Godmother magically appeared and vowed to assist Cinderella in attending the ball. She turned a pumpkin into a coach, mice into horses, a rat into a coachman, and lizards into footmen. She then turned Cinderella's rags into a beautiful gown, complete with a delicate pair of glass slippers. The Godmother told her to enjoy the ball, but return before midnight for the spells would be broken.
At the ball, the entire court was entranced by Cinderella, especially the Prince, who never left her side. Unrecognized by her sisters, Cinderella remembered to leave before midnight. Back home, Cinderella graciously thanked her Godmother. She then greeted the Stepsisters who enthusiastically talked of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball.
When another ball was held the next evening, Cinderella again attended with her Godmother's help. The Prince became even more entranced. However, this evening she lost track of time and left only at the final stroke of midnight, losing one of her glass slippers on the steps of the palace in her haste. The Prince chased her, but outside the palace, the guards had seen only a simple country wench leave. The Prince pocketed the slipper and vowed to find and marry the girl to whom it belonged. Meanwhile, Cinderella kept the other slipper, which had not disappeared when the spell had broken.
The Prince tried the slipper on all the young women in the land. When the Prince arrived at Cinderella's villa, the Stepsisters tried in vain. When Cinderella asked if she might try, the Stepsisters taunted her. Naturally, the slipper fit perfectly, and Cinderella produced the other slipper for good measure. The Stepsisters begged for forgiveness, and Cinderella forgave them for their cruelties.
Cinderella returned to the palace where she married the Prince, and the Stepsisters also married two lords.
Moral: Beauty is a treasure, but graciousness is priceless. Without it nothing is possible; with it, one can do anything.[10]
Cinderella is classified as Aarne-Thompson type 510A, the persecuted heroine. Others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep, The Golden Slipper, The Story of Tam and Cam, Rushen Coatie, Fair, Brown and Trembling and Katie Woodencloak.[11]
Adaptations
The story of "Cinderella" has formed the basis of many notable works:
Opera
Cendrillon (1749) by Jean-Louis Laruette
Cendrillon (1810) by Nicolas Isouard, libretto by Charles-Guillaume Étienne
La Cenerentola (1817) by Gioachino Rossini
Cendrillon (1894-5) by Jules Massenet, libretto by Henri Cain
Cinderella (1901-2) by Gustav Holst
Cendrillon (1904) by Pauline García-Viardot
Aschenbrödel (1905) by Leo Blech, libretto by Richard Batka
La Cenicienta (1966) by Jorge Peña Hen
Cinderella, a "pantomime opera" (1979) by Peter Maxwell Davies
Cendrillon, children's opera (1994) by Vladimir Kojoukharov
Ballet
Cinderella (1893) by Baron Boris Vietinghoff-Scheel
Aschenbrödel (1901) by Johann Strauss II, adapted and completed by Josef Bayer
Das Märchen vom Aschenbrödel (1941) by Frank Martin
Soluschka or Cinderella (1945) by Sergei Prokofiev
Cinderella (1980) by Paul Reade
Cinderella (2008) by Tim A. Duncan and Edward Barnwell
Pantomime
Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre, London in 1904 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1905. Phyllis Dare, aged 14 or 15, starred in the latter.
In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene is set in a forest with a hunt in sway and it is here that Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his "right-hand man" Dandini, whose name and character come from Gioachino Rossini opera (La Cenerentola). Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini.
Her father, Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters, the Ugly sisters, and has a servant named Buttons, who is Cinderella's friend. Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by the Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent. The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice), a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight, as it is then that the spell ceases.
Musical Opera
Cinderella: The Musical by Landon Parks (Book & Lyrics) and Ioannis Kourtis (music) is an English language musical stage show written in 2009, and based on the opera Cendrillon by Jules Massenett.
Musical Comedy
Cinderella by Rodgers and Hammerstein was produced for television three times:
Cinderella (1957) features Julie Andrews, Jon Cypher, Kaye Ballard, Alice Ghostley and Edie Adams (broadcast in color, but only black-and-white kinescopes exist today).
Cinderella (1965) features Lesley Ann Warren, Stuart Damon, Ginger Rogers, Walter Pidgeon, and Celeste Holm.
Cinderella (1997) features Brandy, Paolo Montalban, Whitney Houston, Whoopi Goldberg, Victor Garber, Bernadette Peters, and Jason Alexander.
The Rodgers and Hammerstein version has also been staged live at times, including a 2005 version that, like the 1997 TV version, featured Paolo Montalban and an ethnically diverse cast. Broadway Asia Entertainment produced a staged International Tour starring Tony Award winner Lea Salonga and Australian actor Peter Saide in 2008.
Mr. Cinders, a musical which opened at the Adelphi Theatre, London in 1929. Filmed in 1934
Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim (1988), in which Cinderella is one of many fairy tale characters who take part in the plot. This is partly based on the Grimm Brothers version of "Cinderella," including the enchanted birds, mother's grave, three balls, and mutilation and blinding of the stepsisters.
The Return of The Glass Slipper by Mary Donelly
Cinderella by Kate Hawley is written in the style of British Pantos.
Cindy, a 1964 Off-Broadway musical composed by Johnny Brandon
Золушka (or Zolushka), a 2002 made-for-TV Russian pop musical
Cinderella (2007), a pantomime written by Stephen Fry for the Old Vic Theatre
Cinderella Sillyious Musical(2008/09), a musical comedy produced by Ross Petty for theElgin Theatre Toronto
Films
Over the decades, hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story. Almost every year at least one, but often several such films are produced and released, resulting in Cinderella becoming a work of literature with one of the largest numbers of film adaptations ascribed to it. It is perhaps rivalled only by the sheer number of films that have been adapted from or based on Bram Stoker's novel Dracula.[citation needed]
Cinderella, the 1899 first ever film version produced in France by Georges Méliès.
Cinderella, 1911 silent film starring Florence La Badie
Cinderella (1914 film), 1914 silent film starring Mary Pickford
Cinderella, an animated Laugh-O-Gram produced by Walt Disney, first released on December 6, 1922. This film was about 7 minutes long.
Poor Cinderella, a 1934 Fleischer Studios animated short starring Betty Boop
Cinderella Meets Fella, a 1938 Merrie Melodies animated short
Cinderella (1947 film) (Зо́лушка), a 1947 Russian musical film by Lenfilm studios, starring Erast Garin and Faina Ranevskaya
Cinderella (1950 film), an animated feature released on February 15, 1950, now considered one of Disney's classics. This film is the most popular version of the Cinderella story, with most people re-telling the Disney version as opposed to the original.[citation needed] A direct-to-video sequel, Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, was released in 2002. A second direct-to-video sequel Cinderella III: A Twist in Time was released in 2007.
The Glass Slipper (1955) with Leslie Caron and Michael Wilding
Cinderfella, 1960, notable in that the main character is a man, played by Jerry Lewis
Popelka (Cinderella, 1969) Czech musical film
Hey Cinderella, a 60-minute film produced by the Jim Henson Company in 1970. This comedy version features Jim Henson's trademark Muppets (including a small role by Kermit the Frog).
Tři oříšky pro Popelku / Drei Haselnüsse für Aschenbrödel (Three Nuts for Cinderella; known in the UK as Three Gifts for Cinderella), a Czech-German movie released in 1973
The Slipper and the Rose, a 1976 British musical film starring Gemma Craven and Richard Chamberlain.
Cinderella, a 1977 American erotic musical comedy starring Cheryl "Rainbeaux" Smith, Brett Smiley and Sy Richardson, directed by Michael Pataki
Cindy (1978), made for television
The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin, (1981) an Oscar-nominated animated short from the National Film Board of Canada[12]
Hello Kitty's Cinderella (1989), an anime short film starring Hello Kitty, was released in Japan. It was released in the U.S. as part of the Hello Kitty and Friends anime series.
Ashpet: An American Cinderella, a 1990 Southern "Appalachia" version of the story, adapted from the Brothers Grimm, starring Louise Anderson and directed by Tom Davenport.
If The Shoe Fits (1990 film), modern take on the Cinderella story set in France starring Rob Lowe and Jennifer Grey
Cinderella, produced by Jetlag Productions and distributed by GoodTimes Entertainment, premiered on video in 1994.
Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella (1997) starring Brandy and Whitney Houston
Ever After (1998), starring Drew Barrymore
Cinderella (2000), a British production set in mid-20th century and starring Kathleen Turner
A Cinderella Story (2004), a modernization featuring Hilary Duff and Chad Michael Murray
Cinderelmo, a Cinderella story featuring Sesame Street's Elmo and Keri Russell
Ella Enchanted (film)
Happily N'Ever After
Year of the Fish
In Heart Day, a new film, a Prince rescues a version of Cinderella named Princess Roola.
A segment of the 2005 Turkish anthology film Istanbul Tales made up of five stories based on popular fairy tales is based on this tale in which Cinderella is a prostitute.
Another Cinderella Story (2008) starring Selena Gomez and Drew Seeley
Television
The Electric Company regularly featured Cinderella-based skits starring Cassidy Spring as Cinderella, Rita Moreno as the wicked stepmother, Hattie Winston as the fairy godmother, and two of the girls from The Short Circus as the stepsisters.
Sesame Street had three News Flash segments about Cinderella; one at the ball with the glass slipper, one featuring the stepsisters trying to fit the glass slipper, and the third in which the fairy godmother tries to make a dress for Cinderella but the dress ends up on Kermit instead.
Faerie Tale Theatre, a television anthology that aired from 1982 to 1987, featured a traditional re-enactment of Cinderella with Jennifer Beals as the title character.
Floricienta in Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico, as well as Floribella in Portugal, Brazil, and Chile, are telenovels based on the Cinderella story.
Lola...Érase una vez in Mexico, is a soap opera for teenagers based on Cinderella and Floricienta.
Sinetron Cinderella is a Korean drama based on the story.
Scroogerello, an episode of DuckTales
Cinderella Monogatari (シンデレラ物語 ,Shinderera Monogatari?), a 26 episode TV anime made by Tatsunoko Production in 1996
Nippon Animation's 1987-1989 TV series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics, which included Cinderella. The plot was loosely based on the Grimm version, although sanitized most of the gorey parts.
Garfield and Friends featured the story in a U.S. Acres segment titled "Bedtime Story Blues". Orson tries to read the story to Booker and Sheldon, but they continually request various unneeded changes to the story, much to Orson's frustration, such as the characters' genders being switched around, Cinderella (played by Orson) working at a pet shop, the now-male stepsisters (Orson's brothers) being ninjas, and the fairy godmother being replaced by "the richest guy in the world" (Wade).
For a special pantomime episode of Coronation Street, Frankie Baldwin played Cinderella, Danny Baldwin was the prince, the evil stepfather was Jack Duckworth, the stepsisters were Roy Cropper and Norris Cole, and the fairy godmother was Bev Unwin with Fred Elliot as the godfather.
The 1980s sitcom The Charmings features an episode where Cinderella visits the Charmings and tries to steal Snow White's prince.
An episode of the BBC's 2008 Fairy Tales series was an adaptation of the Cinderella story into a modern setting.
Tsunderella, an OVA of Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru.
Jim Henson's The Storyteller also has a story Sapsorrow which has elements of Cinderella** (see mentions below)
In an episode of Sabrina, The Teenage Witch Sabrina has to go to witch camp. While at the dance with Harvey she had to leave and her boot came off and towards the end of the episode Harvey comes to her house and puts it on her foot like in Cinderella. In another Sabrina episode, "You Slay Me," "Cinderella" actually appears after Sabrina attends a bridal fair and wants a princess wedding. Sabrina contacts Cinderella for help.
In an episode of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide Cookie has an alter ego as a girl and Loomer falls in love and Cookie as his alter ego runs. Cookie's shoe comes off and Loomer has it and Loomer misses Cookie's alter ego and then Cookie takes the shoe back saying it's her mom's.when she was younger her favorite movie was troll 2
Books
Bound by Donna Jo Napoli
Chinese Cinderella by Adeline Yen Mah
Cinderalla by Junko Mizuno
Cindera Edna by Ellen Jackson, Kevin O'Malley Cinder Edna is Cinderella's next-door neighbor who also has wicked stepsisters and a stepmother, but she cleans birdcages and mows the lawns for neighbors in her spare time. She marries the prince's younger brother who runs an orphanage for kittens, and lives much more "happily ever after" than Cinderella.
Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister by Gregory Maguire
Ella Enchanted by Gail Carson Levine Ella was put under a spell at birth that forces her to obey any order given to her. An unusual twist as it features the ball only in the last few chapters, dealing more with Ella's struggle against the curse and because the prince (Charmont) knows Ella before the ball but does not recognize her as she is in disguise.
Cinderellis and the Glass Hill by Gail Carson Levine
I was a Rat! or The Scarlet Slippers by Philip Pullman
Bella at Midnight by Diane Stanley
Just Ella by Margaret Peterson Haddix
Ludwig Revolution by Kaori Yuki. In this version, Cinderella's feet are too large and the series' protagonist lends her his shoe for the evening, acting as her Fairy Godmother. Also, the Prince doesn't hold the ball to find his wife, but to find the woman with large feet who killed his pet lizard, Isolde.
Nine Coaches Waiting by Mary Stewart
Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by James Garner. In this version, Cinderella is dressed in a gown "woven of silk which was stolen from unsuspecting silkworms" and has all the men fighting to death over her. This enables the women to take over the government and pass the law that women should only wear comfortable clothes.
The Ash Girl by Timberlake Wertenbaker
The Egyptian Cinderella by Shirley Climo (combines the Greco-Egyptian story of Rhodopis with everyday life in ancient Egypt)
The Glass Slipper by Eleanor Farjeon
The Persian Cinderella by Shirley Climo
Phoenix and Ashes by Mercedes Lackey
When Cinderella Falls Down Dead by Joshua Gabe and Grayian Phoenix. In this version, Cinderella is reembodied into the 21st Century in the body of a young girl.
Witches Abroad by Terry Pratchett
The Midnight Dancers by Regina Doman makes references to the fairy tale
Her Feet Chime by Rumki Chowdhury. In this Bangladeshi version, Asha's evil aunt and cousin turn her into a servant, renaming her Thamsha, and breaking all family relations with her. Asha's servant friends help her wear a ginger garment and meet her Nawabzada, Bengali Prince, at a palace gathering.
Comics
Cinderella appears as a character in Bill Willingham's Vertigo series, Fables. Cinderella (or "Cindy," as her fellow Fables call her) is the third and final of Prince Charming's ex-wives and is Fabletown's resident super spy. Her cover is the ownership of her own shoe store, the Glass Slipper, and she maintains a bitter persona in order to throw off the suspicions of the rest of her community.
[edit] Cinderella Jumprope Song
There is a jumprope song for children that involves Cinderella:
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow, made a mistake she kissed a snake, how many doctors will it take? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in blue, went upstairs to tie her shoe, made a mistake and tied a knot, how many knots will she make? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in green, went downtown to buy a ring, made a mistake and bought a fake, how many days before it breaks? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in lace, went upstairs to fix her face, oh no oh no, she found a blemish, how many powder puffs till she's finished? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in silk, went outside to get some milk, made a mistake and fell in the lake, how many more till she gets a break? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in purple, went upstairs to kiss Steve Urkel made a mistake and kissed a stake, how many doctors will it take? 1, 2, 3, etc.Cinderella dressed in black went to McDonalds to get a big mac how many big macs did she get? 1, 2, 3, etc.
The counting continues as long as the jumper avoids missing a jump. If they do then the counting starts again.
Variations:
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went downtown to meet her fellow (or "to buy some mustard"). On the way, her girdle busted. Cinderella was disgusted.(Heard in Jackson Heights, Queens, late 1950s)
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow. how many kisses did she give him?(Heard in Northern Ireland)
Cinderella dressed in yella, went downstairs to kiss a fella. Made a mistake and kissed a snake, how many stitches did it take?"
Songs
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Some popular songs that make reference to the story of Cinderella include:
A Cinderella Story Mudvayne
Cinderella by Steven Curtis Chapman
Cinderella by Sweetbox
Cinderella by The Cheetah Girls
Cinderella by Vince Gill
Cinderella Blue by Robert Lucas
Cinderella Stay Awhile by Michael Jackson
Cinderfells by Snoop Dogg
Fairy Tale by Sara Bareilles
Half Past Midnight by 1960's Canadian vocal group The Staccatos
Hey Cinderella by Suzy Bogguss, [13]
Mayonaka no Door, by Liu Yifei (first ending of Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z)
One Headlight by The Wallflowers
Stealing Cinderella by Chuck Wicks
There is Music in You by Rodgers & Hammerstein
Umbrella (Remix), originally by Rihanna & Jay-Z but remixed by Chris Brown and retitled "Cinderella"
C\C (Cinderella\Complex) by High-King
A Dustland Fairytale by The Killers in Day & Age
Not Your Cinderella by Catherine Britt
Cinderella 신데렐라 by Seo In-Young A Korean Pop Singer
The Glass Slipper by The Dresden Dolls
